Federalism and Separation of Power

Democracy as a system of political regime has been termed over years as a product of several institutions running(a) together to ensure the sustainability of an exclusive political system. Democratic institutions in a introduce atomic number 18 saddled with the responsibility of sustaining a nations antiauthoritarian process a good deal(prenominal) institutions like legislature, bench and the decision maker are the major institutions that guarantee efficiency in a democratic system. ( Ologbenla 1996) Basically, the legislative offshoot is the major institution that guarantees much(prenominal)(prenominal) because it represents the generality of the peoples interest.The doctrines of separation of office and checks and balances are two major tenets of democracy. Both doctrines depart basic t each(prenominal)ings that should be upheld in any democratic state. The adherence to these democratic tenets depends largely on the level of political adherence that follows the basic rules and regulations that guides the take over of both the ruler and the ruled in an exclusive political community. such rules and regulation are codified in a document cognize as constitution. A constitution is a court-ordered modelling that spells bug out the composition, function, and jurisdiction of brass officials. Almond et al. 1966) It is a frame of fundamental rules control the affairs of state. It states the relationship between the governors and the governed. Separation of powers is a doctrine propounded by Baron de Montesquieu which stipulates that in order to avoid arbitrary use of power, power should be decentralised and shared among the organs of presidency such that no organ becomes too powerful. (Neumann 1949) The principle of checks and balances states that an organ of government should act as a watchdog on the other organs of government so as to curb their excesses.In a democratic system all governmental powers are derived from the constitution, it also spells out the functions and relationship of major governmental institutions such as the executive, judiciary and the legislature such that no organ of government fag end interfere in the affairs of the other. The constitution makes each arm of government to be an supreme and coordinate unit, independent in legal injury of its sphere of influence and coordinate in its inter-governmental relationship with other implements of war of government.With cognisance to the Ameri kitty democratic structure, the constitution provides for separation of powers by stipulating the functions of the sundry(a) arms of government and also the jurisdiction of the different tiers of government, whereby the executive cannot intervene in the affairs of the legislature and vice-versa. The primary function of the legislature is the devising of polices ( Easton 1961) it would be a total negation of the principle of separation of power if such function is being exercised by the executive.Although, the executive can propose a news compensate after much deliberation by the legislature can be established into law but the power to make laws lie in within the jurisdiction of the legislature. But in recent times the principle had been challenged due to the overwhelming power and personality of the executive. For example, President George Bush after the Sept 11 attack on the world trade contract proposed a observance to the congress to invade Iraq. Before the house could pass the visiting card he had sent troops to wage war in Iraq.This was contrary to the constitutional provisions which states that before United State would hire in a war it must be ratified by the congress in a joint session. Checks and balances on the other is to respond as a balance between the various organs of government in such a way that an arm of government run as the watchdog over the other arms of government. (Neumann 1949) This function is majorly that of the judiciary this is the done through judi cial reviews which help scrutinize both activities of the executive and the legislature.For this function to be performed to the optimum level there is the need for an independent judiciary that is free from executive manipulation. A bill is a proposed law that is not yet law until it is passed by the law making body in the country and received the executive or presidential assent. (Easton 1961) at that place are several stages that are involved in the passing of a bill before it becomes law. The first stage of the bill is the first design of the bill to the house. The introduction of bill could either be a hole-and-corner(a) member bill or it originates from the lower house depending on the cause of legislative chamber in operation.In a two chamber legislative house, bills originate from the lower house and are deliberated on in a joint session. This stage marks the first reading of the bill to the house. The punt reading marks a stage where the bill is fully deliberated upon by lawmakers and it represents a crucial stage in the passing of such bill into law, because this stage determines whether such bill would become law. After the bill had successfully passed through the second reading therefore a direction would be constituted to critically examine and analyse the bill, give recommendations and possible adjoin of the bill if passed into law.This stage represents the committee stage. After constituting the committee, the next stage is the report stage where the committee presents their report to the house on the bill. After the committee stage the bill is presented to the lawmakers for adoption. It should be noted that at this stage the bill can relieve be rejected if the lawmakers refuse to adopt the bill by voting against it. But if the bill was accepted by the lawmakers then it can now proceed to the third stage which requires the presidents assent.If the bill passed by the legislature was not assented to by the executive, the legislature can c onstitutionally veto such bill into law after a period of 14 days. Federalism is a political system in which governmental powers are shared among the different tiers and organs of government such that each tier and organ is coordinate, independent, and exclusive in its own sphere of authority. (Leslie 1954) With source to the debate on whether state power had been reduced or change magnitude in a federal structure, cognisance would be given to emerge democracies mostly in third world countries where democratic structures are still growing.In Nigeria, state powers are gradually reduced as the constitution vested much power in the exclusive legislative list which only allows the federal government to legislate. (Ologbenla 1996) Matters such as currency, defence, health, mining, state creation, local anaesthetic anaesthetic government creation, demarcation line adjustment, leaving the state with little area to exercise its sphere of control. contrary other federal structures li ke the United State of America where states fall in the autonomy on state police, the Nigerian federal structure did not provide for such provisions even at the agitation of states to cast off their autonomy on the issue.In 2003, the Lagos state government embarked on the creation of local government which was later regarded as unconstitutional and led to a legal matter between the state and the federal government. (Tadese 2012) The judgement was later passed in favour of the federal citing that states do not have the constitutional just to create such establishment. In the American federal structure allows for state power to be shared between the central, state, and municipal governments in such a way that each state has its own constitution where it derives it powers from.Although when such laws clashes with national constitution the latter prevails. Federalism has been the major factor sustaining the democratic determine as it has it functionality in both the principle of sep aration of powers and checks and balances which is maintained through the efficacy of institutions that guarantees a smooth democratic process.References Almond Gabriel, Gabber Powell. (1966). Comparative government A developmental approach Little Brown Co, Boston. Print. Easton David. (1961). A framework of political analysis, Yale University Press, New Haven. Print. Leslie Lipson. (1954). The Great Issues of Politics (5th edition) Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. Print. Neuman Franz. (1949). Introduction to Montesquieus Spirit of Laws. Translated by Thomas Nugent Halfner publishers, Chicago. Print. Ologbenla Derin. (1996). Introduction to political science, Olucity Press Limited, Lagos. Print. Tadese. Oyeniyi. A battle of legal supremacy Lagos State faces FG on creation of local government. Vanguard Newspaper. Web 30 September 2012.