Mandatory Minimum Sentences and Drug Policy Reform Essay

The use of mandatory minimums within our judicial system is not winning the war on drugs. This country needs drug law reforms to turn the tide on the war on drugs, and minimize their impact on our society. This comes from rehabilitation programs that are more effective and less costly for our government. Introduction Our country has gone to extremes to try and win the war on drugs. There is no evidence to show that they have made any real impact in ending or even lowering the use of drugs in this country. In1986 the federal government enacted mandatory minimum drug sentences. These laws force judges to comply with a minimum prison sentence based on the nature of the drug crime. By doing this, the federal government has tied the hands of our judges to use their judgment depending on the case. Their argument for this is it will deter people from committing drug crimes in the future. My argument is that we are treating an addiction which needs both medical and psychological help to resolve, not longer prison sentences. Argument for Mandatory Minimums In 1986 mandatory minimums were enacted to put an end to the cocaine and crack epidemic that was going on in our nation’s inner cities. The focus was if they could apprehend the drug kingpins and lock them away for many years in prison, they would lose their realm of control of the drug world. The reality of the situation is that many gang leaders are in prison today, and have just as much control over the drug trade as they did when they were free men. Many say that the laws have inadvertently become a racial problem within this country. Laws on mandatory minimum sentences are much harsher on crack than cocaine. Since crack is predominantly used among African Americans within this country, they received much harsher punishments than cocaine users who are predominantly white. Argument against Mandatory Minimums We are not simply dealing with a bad behavior that is a scourge on society. We are dealing with extremely addictive drugs that a prison sentence will do almost no good in helping people kick their habits, and thus their old way of life. These people need medical and psychiatric help in order to rehabilitate them into the nine to five taxpaying Americans that our country wants them to be. Many drug dealers started out as users and began to sell the drug in order to pay for their own habit. Mandatory minimum prison sentences for people who are sadly destroying their lives to maintain their own personal habit are not going to be reformed in our nation’s prisons. Most of the people within our prison system are their because of non-violent drug crimes. They are not horrible people who are their because of rape, murder, armed robbery, etc†¦ People who argue in favor of mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenses say it is working by putting dealers behind bars. The fact is though that most of the people behind bars due to these laws are low level dealers. â€Å"In fiscal year 2005, 61. 5% of all federal crack cocaine defendants were low-level offenders such as mules or street dealers. Only 8. 4% were high-level dealers. † (Mandatory Minimums) Mandatory minimums only go by the weight of the substance that you were selling. It is clear by this data that the weights set in our current laws do not target high-level dealers as well as they were intended to. Rehabilitation Centers vs. Prison Rehabilitation of our country’s drug users not only has a higher success rate than that of our prisons, it is also more cost efficient. It is what you refer to as a win-win. The amount of people within our jail and prison systems is estimated to be above six million people. Approximately half of these inmates used drugs regularly the month prior to their apprehension. It is fair to say then that nearly half of our prison population is candidates for drug rehabilitation programs rather than prison systems. The average cost for incarcerating an individual for a year is $20,000. The average cost of treatment at a rehabilitation center is around $9,000. It currently costs our government around one billion dollars annually to incarcerate its prison population. By taking the half of the prison population that are habitual users and putting them in treatment centers, the government could save a quarter of a million dollars a year. Not only that, but the repeat offender rate for those that have gone through the treatment centers is only a fourth of that for prison sentences. Drug courts are a new movement going across our nation. A court system set up to deal with drug crimes only. Drug courts are set up to give first time offenders a second chance. Conditions of sentencing typically involve mandatory drug testing along with therapy. If first time offenders can successfully complete the treatment program in most cases their crime is removed from their criminal record. Since many first time offenders are juveniles or young adults, this allows them to receive federal aid through FAFSA. In turn it makes it easier for them to receive higher education services, which gives them a better chance at getting the skills they need for jobs. This in turn makes it more unlikely that they will revert to their old lifestyles of drug dealing now that they are treated for a drug addiction and have been given the tools they need to succeed. Drug courts are very strict though. If a participant in the program fails to attend a therapy meeting or has a positive return on a drug test, they are sent directly to jail. The program is only for those who want to change their lives. It is true that there are some people who do not want to change and they should be in jail if they do not want to reform to the laws of this country. The idea of drug reform in this country may be a daunting task, but it needs to be done. If we do nothing about the problem it will never go away, and as it has shown so far it will only get worse. The old ways of thinking are clearly not working. Something needs to be done about this problem. There is a reason why we have the highest incarceration rate of all industrialized nations. It is because half of our incarcerated citizens are non-violent drug offenders. If we can move towards treating an illness instead of punishing a crime, our country will be better off. Less people will be incarcerated and will be productive, moving our country towards a better tomorrow. Mandatory Minimum laws within this country need major reform due to the injustice that they create. While most of the injustice was done inadvertently, nonetheless it is still there. Our country has failed to take one step closer in winning the war on drugs. It is time for America to realize it has a drug addiction problem that cannot be fixed with lengthy prison sentences. Our country needs to change the mandatory minimum laws. Cocaine and crack need to be punishable equally. In this country it is estimated that there are four million people with addictions to either crack or cocaine. About half of the nation’s prison population is in there for non-violent drug offenses. With a prison population of one and a half million people, that’s three quarters of a million non-violent drug offenders not receiving the correct treatment. Cocaine use has continued to rise since the 1980’s while crack use has stayed steady. Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in this country. It has had research to show that it is a gateway drug. Users of marijuana are more likely to try drugs like crack and cocaine. Studies show that most users of marijuana have tried the drug before their sophomore year in high school. Educational systems such as D. A. R. E. are already in place as good educational tools against drugs. Our society needs to be honest about the dangers of drugs. Many anti-drug commercials of the past could go as far as to say a hit of marijuana will make you kill your parents. Many commercials of today are starting to show more honesty. Instead of saying that buying pot is the same as putting money into the hands of terrorists, they are stating the truth that it does typically make you less active. This in turn usually leads to people not completing goals, and not completing any of their goals. Alcohol is the second most illegally used drug by minors. Education about the dangers of alcohol is equally important. Alcoholism is a major problem within this country, which typically has major effects on families. Alcoholism can lead to violent households. More teens die from drinking and driving than any other way of death. Alcohol like marijuana is considered a gateway drug. This is why it is so important that we attempt to stop irresponsible drinking behaviors. Essentially drug addicts are addicted to the feeling of euphoria that comes upon them when endorphins flood the brain with the use of the drug. Drug rehabilitation centers have found great success at treating people with addiction to crack and cocaine with anti-depressants. The National Institute of Drug Abuse is taking a different approach to the problem. They are developing a cocaine-vaccine that virtually eliminates all effects of the drug. This would ensure that even if an addict were to have a relapse, the drug would have no effect, and the incentive to do the drug is taken away. Dealers of crack and cocaine usually were crack and cocaine users first. These drugs are incredibly addictive. For users to support their habits many of them turn to dealing the drug. If our society can find a way to break the cycle of addiction there is hope that we can start to turn the tide on the war on drugs. Our government simply has to recognize that we are dealing with an addiction crisis, and not necessarily bad people who are the scourge of society. Drug courts are a new movement going across our nation. A court system set up to deal with drug crimes only. These courts are now operating or have plans to be operating in all fifty states. The first drug court was established in Dade County in 1981. Drug courts are set up to give first time offenders a second chance. Conditions of sentencing typically involve mandatory drug testing along with therapy. If first time offenders can successfully complete the treatment program in most cases their crime is removed from their criminal record. Since many first time offenders are juveniles or young adults, this allows them to receive federal aid through FAFSA. In turn it makes it easier for them to receive higher education services, which gives them a better chance at getting the skills they need for jobs. This in turn makes it more unlikely that they will revert to their old lifestyles of drug dealing now that they are treated for a drug addiction and have been given the tools they need to succeed. Drug courts are very strict though. If a participant in the program fails to attend a therapy meeting or has a positive return on a drug test, they are sent directly to jail. The program is only for those who want to change their lives. It is true that there are some people who do not want to change and they should be in jail if they do not want to reform to the laws of this country. Along with anti-depressants and revolutionary new research being done to address this nation’s addiction to drugs the twelve step process is the most used system for drug rehabilitation. The twelve step process forces the user to admit he or she is powerless over the drug and that a higher power can help them restore their sanity. This has its own constitutional conflictions with the separation of church and state. The twelve step process is only one option that can be taken towards drug rehabilitation though. It could be set up where defendants could choose a faith based rehabilitation program through the state or a non faith based rehabilitation program. There is no one strategy that works for every addict. Each case needs to be dealt with on a personal basis. They need to get to the bottom of why they want to use drugs. There is typically an underlying issue in a user’s life that causes them to search for an escape. The escape that ends many people in prison for lengthy sentences happens to come from crack and cocaine for too many people. Our rehabilitation centers need to work closely with the patients’ family whenever this is possible. Most drug users have families that are drug users as well. It is a perpetual cycle that continues to go on. It continues to go on because the underlying problems within the family are not addressed and they continue to turn to drugs in an attempt to escape the issues. Families are typically the best support system for a user trying to go clean. Without the help of the family or a family like atmosphere, users find it difficult to see a reason why they should quit. They need to see the impact that it makes on their loved ones to make it real to them. The ugliness needs to be shown in order for the user to see the full consequences of his or her actions. I am not proposing that we get rid of prison sentences for drug offenders by any means. We should only offer rehab to first time offenders who will be able to show whether they truly wish to change their lives for the better. If you have been through the program once and reverted back, then you have not proven to society that you are willing to be a productive law-biding citizen. Everyone deserves a second chance, but not necessarily a third or fourth. Rehabilitation of our country’s drug users not only has a higher success rate than that of our prisons, it is also more cost efficient. The amount of people within our jail and prison systems is estimated to be above six million people. Approximately half of these inmates used drugs regularly the month prior to their apprehension. It is fair to say then that nearly half of our prison population is candidates for drug rehabilitation programs rather than prison systems. The average cost for incarcerating an individual for a year is $20,000. The average cost of treatment at a rehabilitation center is around $9,000. It currently costs our government around one billion dollars annually to incarcerate its prison population. By taking the half of the prison population that are habitual users and putting them in treatment centers, the government could save a quarter of a billion dollars a year. Not only that but the repeat offender rate for those that have gone through the treatment centers is only a fourth of that for a prison sentence. Rehabilitation centers have a success rate of sixty to seventy five percent. When those figures are applied to the prison population that means that at the lowest success rate twenty five percent of our prison population would become productive members of society. While the repeat offender rate for rehabilitation centers is between forty and twenty five percent, prison are seventy five percent. With our current system over half a million of our non-violent offenders will be back in prison for the same crime, while with rehabilitation at worst it would be around three hundred thousand. The key to success with our rehabilitation centers is to provide long term assistance. It will be much better off for the nation as a whole to treat the triggers of addiction before it gets out of hand. Yes it is the addicts fault the he or she is addicted, but this does not mean that we should let society hurt on a principle of stubbornness. We should help our fellow man stay clean if he wants to be clean. With long term assistance programs for patients of rehabilitation programs, the success rate can reach as high as ninety five percent. I am not naive enough to think that this high of a number will work just as well for prisoners. Some prisoners simply do not want to break their addiction. If they do not want to change their lives, there is very little that rehab will do for a patient. Society has treated the drug problem within this country with extremely harsh punishments. We have been blind to see that we have been approaching the problem with the wrong strategy. Rehabilitation and education are the two strongest weapons in the war on drugs. If we change the lives of drug offenders, we will be able to exchange a large portion of our prison population into productive members of society. This would turn people who used to be a burden on taxpayers into taxpayers themselves. This would ultimately help the economy of America and the overall quality of life. The idea of drug reform in this country may be a daunting task, but it needs to be done. If we do nothing about the problem it will never go away, and as it has shown so far it will only get worse. The old ways of thinking are clearly not working. Something needs to be done about this problem. There is a reason why we have the highest incarceration rate of all industrialized nations. It is because half of our incarcerated citizens are non-violent drug offenders. If we can move towards treating an illness instead of punishing a crime, our country will be better off. Less people will be incarcerated citizens are non-violent drug offenders. If we can move towards treating an illness instead of punishing a crime, our country will be better off. Less people will be incarcerated and will be productive, moving our country towards a better tomorrow.

Beloved: A Palimpsest Novel at its Best

A palimpsest, traditionally meant a manuscript page. However, here it is taken to refer to an object, a piece of literature that reflects history. Palimpsest novels speak of a certain event, the history of a significant cultural phenomenon, or the history of a particular group of people. This paper delves into the merits of Toni Morrison’s novel, Beloved as a palimpsest novel. The novel will be described shortly and then thoroughly analyzed in order to show the truth in the statement that Beloved is indeed a palimpsest novel at its best.Beloved is a palimpsest showing the history of African American culture, of the autonomy of their culture, and of the history and strength of their independence. Toni Morrison’s Beloved focuses on the lives of Sethe and Denver, her daughter. The two escape from slavery and try to rebuild a new life together. Their efforts are undermined, however, when one day a girl named Beloved shows up at their house. Sethe believes that Beloved is he r daughter; one she murdered when the child was two years old, slitting her throat with a chain saw in order to save the baby from growing up and entering a life of slavery.Sethe believes the girl named Beloved is her murdered child because of the fact that her baby’s tombstone had read â€Å"Beloved†. Two other characters in the novel are Paul D. and Stamp Paid who watch as Sethe becomes centered on Beloved to the point of obsession, to the point of forgetting Denver’s needs and even of forgetting her own. Paul D. and Stamp Paid are also shown to be struggling with memories of their past, memories they try to repress and then later on finally come to terms with. (Morrison, 1-342)It is through the lives of these characters that Morrison is able to show the history of African American autonomous culture in a way that it has never been shown before. The violence and hardships previously skirted around by other slavery novels are directly addressed in Beloved. It i s through this graphic and honest portrayal that Morrison is able to show the need and drive of these individuals to attain independence and autonomy. Beloved is a strong novel about the pains of slavery. Through its characters, it shows how African Americans were able to transcend this pain through links of humanity, surpassing racist assumptions and barriers.(Greenbaum, 84) One link of humanity that is used in Beloved as a means of overcoming the pains of slavery is song. Morrison explores the dynamics of slave songs and allows her characters the power of these songs. Unlike past authors, Morrison’s portrayal of slave song is more inclusive of the actual topics of real slave songs. (Capuano , 99) She is able to do this because, unlike past authors, she is not fettered down by thoughts of having to inform her audience, of having to fight for abolishment of slavery and establishment of autonomy, of avoiding the committal of offence.(Capuano, 95) Thus Morrison uses slave songs in the most graphic way they have been used yet. Beloved is most successful in its portrayal of African American history. The novel reestablishes apocalyptic writing, writing established before Morrison’s time and which emphasizes the fact that African American culture underwent a period of darkness but will eventually come to the light. (Bowers, 59) In Beloved, this period of darkness is the era of slavery and the period light indicates the attainment of autonomy, of African American’s freedom from slavery.Beloved presents apocalypse not as something that is survived. Beloved offers African American an attempt of freeing them from a past full of guilt and suffering. Morrison shows that despite the holds of history on all African Americans, the holds of a past of slavery, the holds of a traumatic psychological legacy, there is a way to freedom. Directly confronting slavery and addressing the effects it wrought on all those who survived and even to those who did not al lows all African Americans to be able to break loose and start anew. (Bowers, 73) Beloved shows slavery in a light of complete truthfulness.It is because of the completely honest portrayal of the black and dim past of African American slavery that Beloved is able to break loose from the litany of novels holding the same topic. It is what sets Beloved apart and allows it to be dubbed as a palimpsest novel, a novel of the history of African American autonomy, at its best. However, it is not only the quality of its description and assessment of slavery that allows it to shine. It is the fact that through its honesty, Beloved is able to provide for its readers an insight into African American culture and suffering.It also offers African American readers a way to come to terms with their past, a way to break free from the holds of that past. Toni Morrison was able to take a well-worn storyline and create a new angle from it. She viewed slavery in a way it had never been done before. She viewed it through the eyes of a writer not bound by social taboos and social decorum. By taking slavery and showing it for what it really was, she was able to show history with more impact. Beloved thus became more than just another slavery novel, it became one of the best palimpsest novels.The fact that Toni Morrison became a Nobel Laureate because of this book stands as firm proof of its merit as a palimpsest of African American autonomy. References Capuano, Peter J. â€Å"Truth in timbre: Morrison’s extension of slave narrative song in Beloved. † African American Review 37 (2003): 95-103 Greenbaum, Vicky. â€Å"Teaching Belloved: Images of transcendence. † English Journal 91 (2002): 83-87 Morrsion, Toni. Beloved. New York: Alfred Knopf Inc, 1987 Susan, Bowers. â€Å"Beloved and the new apocalypse. † The Journal of Ethnic Studies 18 (1990): 59-77

The Minimization of Tension (to be decided) Essay

The Minimization of Tension (to be decided) - Essay Example However, this paper illustrates how tension occurs in the workplace and how the company and the personnel involved deal with the dilemma of minimizing the tension in the daily business operation by adopting various mechanisms to minimize it such as keeping the organizational structure relatively flat, adding female to its managerial level, and employing emotion management and humor at workplace. These mechanisms are applicable to corporations that are experiencing similar problems because the above methods are proven effective in reducing the likelihood and degree of tension at workplace.    The industry moves very fast and the market could change at anytime. To cope with this situation and the very large amount of work, it is already a common practice for people to stop eating lunch out at the workplace. Instead, they take their lunch to work and eat it while staring at the computer screens. One time, in a break of this monotony, James, a vice president in our division was nice enough to invite all of us summer analysts for lunch at the cafeteria down stairs. During the lunch, we talked about many aspects of the business practice in our division as well as the recent bad performance of the stock market. In the conversation the ensued, the vice president mentioned, â€Å"when two stocks are perfectly correlated, if one stock goes down by 25%, the other one will also decrease by 25%.† Jonathan, a summer analyst from my team blurted out:† I don’t think that’s right, James.† In front of all the other five interns, James paused, and then sai d in a distinct voice: â€Å"I am right.† Jonathan looked at the other interns and said: â€Å"Well, I guess I am wrong, sir.† At this moment, Annie, another intern quickly raised another question and the conversation between the group continued. On the way back to our desk, I whispered to Jonathan: â€Å"Hey, what you were saying is correct!† He

Organizational Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Organizational Structures - Essay Example Organizations use matrix structure when they need expertise that a functional structure offers along with the ability for coping with rapid changes occurring in a specific product line. The structure is superior to both the divisional and functional structures because it allows the functional and divisional aspects of organizational structures to simultaneously operate. The matrix structure is supported by rigorous planning between the functional divisions. For instance, the employees respond to both their line managers as well as their product managers. The matrix structure works well when there is pressure for sharing scarce resources across different product lines. It is also highly beneficial when the environment is rapidly changing and extreme predictive coordination is required across departments. Theoretically speaking, the balance of power between the products a functional leader is almost equal and a high degree of cooperation occurs between managers. It has the following st rengths: Strengths: It offers adjustable sharing of human resources across the organization. It has more flexibility to deal with complex decisions and offers a wider range of input. The matrix structure has the ability to cope with larger product range. Functional specialization can avail more opportunities compared to a divisionalized structure in the organization when the matrix form of structure is implemented. Weaknesses Sometimes the shared authority can create confusion and frustration.

Lost in Digital Wonderland Finding a Path in the Global Knowledge Essay

Lost in Digital Wonderland Finding a Path in the Global Knowledge Society - Essay Example Such a transformation took place mainly due to the increased need for innovation. As the rate of trade dealings is enhancing in the entire globe, the ratio of competitiveness is also expanding. However, in order to cope up with such type of competitive needs or demands of the citizens, the labours or the producers need to develop highly extensive abilities and knowledge (Max-Planck institute for history and science, n. d.). Such type of demanding skills and knowledge might be attained only through varied types of learning programs, training programs such as on-the –job, household trainings etc. Only then, the employees or the individual might easily cope up with the risks or changing demands of the citizens in global economy. By doing so, the producer or the employees might position itself as a successful individual or organization in this global knowledge society as compared to others. Knowledge is described as a resource that helps to generate values and creativity. In this age of digitalisation, it is the knowledge that helps in enhancement of the dealings of trade leading to economic growth and development of a nation in the entire globe among others. Other than this, it is the knowledge that helps an individual entrepreneur to cope up with the changing requirements of the citizens by presenting inventive products. However, the inventive products are mainly developed with the help of new ideas and suggestions as well as advanced technologies (Huws, 2005). Only then, the employer or the employees in this revolutionary age might create a specific position for itself. Thus, it might be stated that knowledge is the prime requirement of an employee or employer to tackle global competitiveness. Knowledge society is recognised as a place, where all sorts of activities or actions take place with the help of both tacit and codified knowledge. Both tacit as well as codified knowledge is utilised in order to perform the knowledge works in this information age

Pakistan and Indian International Conflict Essay

Pakistan and Indian International Conflict - Essay Example As described by CNN (1997) the countries have fought several wars over the disputed region of Kashmir that remains an unsolved matter between the two nations. The reason for this conflict comes from the partition of India and Pakistan of which Kashmir remains an unanswered question. At the time of partition, various states in India were given the option to join Pakistan, join India or to become independent. Muslim majority states with Muslim rulers predominantly opted to join Pakistan while Hindu majority states with Hindu rulers largely opted to join India (BBC, 2003). Kashmir was a case where the population was largely Muslim yet the ruler of the state was a Hindu who opted for India. The people of the state asked the newly formed government of Pakistan for help and a war was setup between the two nations that was eventually stopped by the UN. While the UN was supposed to conduct a referendum in the region, India asserted its legal right over the state even though the region is still recognized as being disputed (Global Security, 2005). The strategic importance as well as the tourism value of the region makes it important for both countries (BBC, 2003). It seems that there is no real cause for both nations to go to war since they have both committed time and again to find a reasonable solution to their problem. Further, their economies are being badly hurt by a continued conflict that has created instability in the region . India perhaps has more to loose from a war in economic terms since it is trying to show the world that it can be an economic giant. Pakistan has got more to lose in terms of territory since the Indian forces outnumber their forces 5 to 1 in many cases (Global Security, 2005). Any third party intervention into the situation is also very unlikely since both nations are declared nuclear powers that have the capacity and the capability to start a nuclear war. Due to their close proximity, the danger of a nuclear war in the

The Collapse And Recovery Of Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Collapse And Recovery Of Societies - Essay Example He argued that geography had a large role in determining which societies advanced and which stagnated. By advancement, this does not pertain to a Eurocentric thinking, but one where a greater value was placed on societies that were able to defend themselves from the colonization attacks of the Europeans. After all, numerous societies that did not withstand the technology, resources, and diseases of the European conquistadores mostly died out centuries ago. Societies collapsed because of environmental and human-made constraints and problems, and they recovered because of the ability of humans to be flexible and to adapt to their conditions, sometimes to the extent of being inhuman to other human beings. Environmental limitations delayed the growth of societies or led to their collapse. Diamond compared and contrasted the availability of plants and animals that can be domesticated in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Papua New Guinea. He learned that countries with highly advanced societies ha d more domesticated animals and plants. Of the fourteen animal species that can be domesticated, 12 are native to Eurasia (Diamond, 2005, episode 1). South America domesticated the llama, while the farmers of New Guinea domesticated the pig. But pigs cannot plow farm lands, and by the time the Europeans arrived at Papua New Guinea at the 20th century, New Guinean farming depended on their hands (Diamond, 2005, 1). As for the distribution of domesticated plant species in the world, many of them are native to Europe and Asia, such as wheat, barley and rice. Only two plant species are native to Tropical Africa (sorghum and yams), only one is native to the Americas (corn), and one in Papua New Guinea (taro). Australian natives had no domesticable plant available to them (Diamond, 2005, 1). The distribution of natural resources proves that geography consequently affected the interests and activities of the people. Human-made problems contributed to the collapse of civilizations. The sect ion â€Å"Recovery in China: The Ming Dynasty† described the descent of the Mongol’s Yuan dynasty. Some of their major problems are economic and political by nature. Financial mismanagement disabled the state from supporting public goods and services. In addition, political division produced factions among Mongols. Soon, the Mongols left China altogether in a state of financial and political ruin. In the case of the Incas, their civilization died because of the steel technology of the Europeans, among other factors. In Episode 2 of Guns, Germs, and Steel, Diamond (2005) explained the geographical advantages of the Europeans. Geography provided Europe with rich sources of iron and wood, and a climate that suited high-temperature metallurgy (Diamond, 2005, 2). Geography helped the communication of ideas and technologies too. Gunpowder travelled thousands of miles, where it originated from China and exported to Spain (Diamond, 2005, 2). At the same time, the competition i n Europe resulted to a kind of â€Å"medieval arms race† (Diamond, 2005, 2). Pizarro's conquistadors already accessed the latest and best weapons technology: guns and swords (Diamond, 2005, 2). The Incas, on the contrary, did not work on iron as a weapon and did not have access to gun power (Diamond, 2005, 2). Warfare technology did not reach their isolated territories too (Diamond, 2005, 2). Hence, the Incas faced the problem of poor access to resources and knowhow regarding warfare technology. Through the â€Å"steel† part of the colonization process, a hundred conquistadores were enough to wipe out tens and

Diagnostic Assessment of an Arabic Speaker Essay

Diagnostic Assessment of an Arabic Speaker - Essay Example From this study it is clear that the big number of vowels in the English language increases the chances of wrongly pronouncing English words by native Arabic speakers whose first language has lesser vowels. As such, some vowels in English and their corresponding sounds might not exist in Arabic. A good example is Shouq’s pronunciation of ‘can’ as ‘cen’. The ‘a’ sound in such a word is not found in Arabic, and anyone who borrows from their Arabic vowels to read English words will make this pronunciation error. Another word that she pronounced wrongly according to this error is ‘hard’ which sounded like ‘hed’. Moreover, the word ‘that’ was pronounced as ‘thet’.This paper highlights that  Arabic speakers have the problem of replacing ‘t’ with ‘d’ in a word regardless of whether it appears in the middle, start or end of the word. An example is the word ‘nati ve’ that Shouq pronounced as ‘nadive’. This interchanging of ‘t’ and ‘d’ is also evident in the word ‘factor’. Being a native Arabic speaker, Shouq pronounces this word as ‘facdor’, putting a ‘d’ in the place of a ‘t’. An example of such an error occurring at the beginning of a word is with the pronunciation of the word ‘telephone’ which tends to sound like ‘delephone’. This segmental error that is common among native Arabic speakers learning English as a second language is due to the placement of the tongue when pronouncing the words.

The increasing use of computers in schools Essay

The increasing use of computers in schools - Essay Example Hence, schools have introduced the use of computers not only to improve students' academic performance but also to increase students' familiarity with new technologies as well as make learning fun and effective for students. The introduction of computers in schools aimed first to improve students' performance in their academic subjects. Educators believe that the computers facilitate ease and convenience especially when these are used by the young people to write papers or do research. Studies done by researchers at Boston College state that regular use of computers in order to do research and write paper can improve students' writing abilities. These students are said to perform better in schools than those who don't use the computers on the same undertakings (O' Dwyer et al, 2005). Researchers also found out that the students' constant use of the computer results to higher score in standardized writing tests as a consequence of their learning from producing drafts, editing to correct errors and writing the final copy. In addition, computers have made the access to information swifter as students do not have to browse through books in the library in order to search to gain access for hard to find data.

Racism in Finding Forrester Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Racism in Finding Forrester - Essay Example Finding Forrester" has elements of class, race, ethnicity and stereotyping and even gender inequality that are featured invariably in the various threads of the story as the director, Gus Van Sant would relate the 2000 movie. The film tries to reproduce what obtains in society in as close to reality as possible. Starting with sociological perspectives, this paper gives a synopsis of the film, progresses on to the story in selective perception mode and picks on incidents of the story featuring these sociological terms with an insight of what happened.In a gritty New York neighborhood, a shadowy but perpetually unseen figure appears behind thin curtains. Rumors abound regarding The Window's identity and story, prompting African-American Jamal Wallace to accept a dare to infiltrate The Window's apartment and bring something out. Jamal is a 16-year-old scholar-athlete and aspiring writer in inner-city Manhattan. When he's not writing in his journal in his bedroom, Jamal and his boys woul d play basketball on a local Bronx street court. They note that they're being observed by someone with binoculars in a nearby apartment building.As Jamal enters the apartment, he is caught in the act and accidentally leaves behind his backpack, which contains his journals. The Scottish reclusive genius writes comments in the notebooks, and drops the backpack through a window.Jamal returns for more lessons. His efforts lead him to get tutored by The Window, with Jamal agreeing not to reveal his whereabouts. The tutor turns out to be a Pulitzer Prize-winning classic novelist, William Forrester, who wrote "the Great 20th Century Novel," Avalon Landing, and had been reclusive for four decades. Forrester is a male Caucasian in his mid seventies. Sociological perspectives Blacks like Jamal are considered inferior by some theorists as a result of flawed genetic traits (Eitzen and Zinn 2004). In The Bell Curve work of Herrnstein and Murray (1994), Blacks are said to be mentally inferior to Whites. Such genetic inferiority, according to Gould (1994) cannot be changed by environmental changes. These theories bordering on biological deficiency, generally are not accepted in the scientific community (Eitzen and Zinn 2004). Media, however, just like films, continue to give attention to the thinking of these theorists. The Movie Race is a huge issue in the film and many stereotypes are made. Jamal Wallace is introduced in the film as a typical Black teenage male who goes to a low class school in the Bronx and really excels on the court as a basketball player. He is looked upon as an amazing Black as though unexpected because of his color. One proof of this is that the teacher (April Grace) calls Jamal's mother in to school, to inform her of her child's amazing abilities. Jamal is also looked at as given to playing or to pleasure because of his class. Although he had wanted to realize his writing ability, the exclusive New York school that had offered him a scholarship, is actually more interested in having Jamal play basketball to improve their school image. He soon learns that after losing several players to graduation, the school is looking to restock the basketball team. In fact, Jamal gets transferred there as a junior, presumably to have him educated. A Black, Jamal is seen to fit in their objectives as Blacks are of a class, easily pliable and more oriented to playing than studying. Or so the prep school thought. Jamal has been characterized also as an underachiever in class. This plot point caters to the stereotype that Black students get bad grades. This is different from the view that Jamal may want to get bad grades to fit in with his bad-grade-getting peers. This is probable and is more of peer pressure among the young which can be found in whatever race. The first view, however, which appears truer as far as the story is concerned, is stereotyping while the second view is non-racial. The first view which

Pollution Prevention Essay Example for Free

Pollution Prevention Essay In the article written by Chris Wiant entitled â€Å"What is the P2 trend all about, and how are environmental health professionals involved? ,† discussed the history, objectives and significance of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency’s pollution prevention (P2) program to the environment and public health. In the early 70s, there was already a conscious effort in protecting the nation’s vital natural resources which was pioneered by Congress. But EPA wanted to expand their strategy in environmental protection which resulted to the birth of the P2 program. The main thrust of the pollution prevention program is to encourage companies to get involve in the community level by taking the initiative in becoming leaders in protecting the environment. In addition, the application of the program has facilitated the identification of its â€Å"potential for significant economic benefits by avoiding the need for treatment at the end-of-the-pipe. † Since P2 has been well received by businesses and its positive benefits are eminent, the next challenge is â€Å"how to institutionalize P2 as a standard business practice, and 2) how to get businesses and communities to see that P2 can be a pathway to a new partnership between them† (Wiant, 1997, p. 24). Moreover, the pollution prevention program is not only a directive that is focused on conservation and preservation of the natural resources. It is more directed on the sustainable maintenance of the activities that were already started by companies and the EPA but in a bigger scale. The certainty of the success of the program can only be guaranteed if all sectors of the society will work hand in hand in order to achieve a single goal which is to reduce the damage inflicted to the environment. Another aspect of the P2 program that is very appealing is its emphasis on preventive measures. Its design of â€Å"reducing the emission of toxic substances into the environment, focusing on the manufacturing process as the point in which to control toxin emissions,† is an innovative idea that will dramatically trim down the production of harmful substances. Through this approach, a potential problem can be addressed at its initial stage. Instead of using the end-of the-pipe strategy, businesses can already start with prevention during the manufacturing process. As a result, massive damages to the environment can be avoided and it can also eliminate the risk of inflicting impairment to the public’s health. Also, it can significantly reduce the cost for businesses in decreasing their toxic emissions. It is like shooting 2 birds in 1 stone because companies can save a lot of money and time by just implementing the P2 program in their business procedures. By mandating business to utilize the P2 program, changes in common business practices will occur. But this alteration would be for the overall improvement of the policies and procedures of a company. Moreover, in a community that practices such programs, the quality of life of the people will greatly improve and the relationship of coexistence between man and nature will continue to flourish for the better (Wiant, 1997, p. 24). However, the only concern for the P2 program is its standardization and the assurance of having a productive relationship between the community and businesses. It is essential that companies follow a set of standard procedures in order for the end results to be predictable. Institutionalizing P2 as a standard business practice will eliminate different interpretations and implementations which will boost the focus in protecting the environment and public health. On the other hand, this can only be put into reality if environmental health professionals as well as business leaders who utilize the P2 program will get involve in an intensified information campaign to promote the concept, benefits and practicality of the program. Overall the P2 program is a notable undertaking that is very much necessary in the modern society. Through this, the environment and the public’s health will be safeguarded from the destructive products brought by development or progress. Works Cited Wiant, C. J. (1997). What is the P2 trend all about, and how are environmental health professionals involved?. Journal of Environmental Health, 59, 24.

Analyse the significance of passion Essay Example for Free

Analyse the significance of passion Essay In the tragedy Romeo and Juliet there are many forms to passion; these references are made in a variety of ways, ranging from parental passion to the classic loving passion shared between two people. But there is an underlying hint right from the very start that there is an inevitable notion that this love will never happen because of the family feud. At the very start of the book, the chorus introduces the heated feud between the Montague and Capulet households. This feud has spanned a long time and is an ancient grudge that has continued throughout the family, from the parents to the children and even into the servants of the households. The word two is used, frequently, not just to refer to Romeo and Juliet but to show the obstacles they face to show the opposites as rivals and not just families. We see rivalry induced by the feud where servants from the two houses meet in the town of Verona. When Sampson and Gregory, servants of the Capulet household meet and clash with Abram and Balthasar, of the Montague household, the rivalry is shown from the outset, My naked weapon is out. Quarrel, I will back thee. This is in the first meeting of the servants, where Sampson explains he will back Gregory if he happens to get into a fight, and surely enough, they do get into a fight, household against household which is then broken up by Benvolio, Put up your swords, you know what to do. When he says this, it brings the realisation that they are in public, but the hot headed Tybalt does not agree and wants to fight. He says, Peace? I hate the word and they fight again. This is only then broken up by the officers, and Prince, even though the heads of the families arrive and actually want to fight each other themselves! Give me my long sword, ho! this is Capulet speaking to his wife, asking for his sword, but this is then stopped by Prince Escales. This starts the notions of the tragic end; it brings them together but also leads them to their deaths. We first meet Romeo, moping around feeling sorry for himself, and isolating himself. He is a typical petrachan lover solipsistic, which means feeling sorry for himself and being self absorbed speaking in complex language, using oxy morons , like feather of lead. obviously an opposite as feathers are very light and not heavy. Cold fire and of course fire is not cold! These are used to emphasise Romeos feelings at this present time, he is feeling quite confused and discarded because his love is not reciprocated by Rosaline, but he is making sure he feels it and everyone else knows about it. Shakespeare uses a play on words, a translingual pun, when Benvolio uses Romeo walking underneath the sycamore grove. At first glance this doesnt look very significant at all but if we read between the lines we find it is a very clever pun, which is used to emphasise Romeos feelings. Syc, or sick is used to describe his ill state of emotional health, while amour is the French word for love, so sycamore, literally means sick of love, and as he feels physically sick as a result of his un-returned love. This is quite ironic as the love is not returned, as he is never going to get her but he thinks that he is and hopes and prays that she will love him back but unfortunately this is never going to happen. On Romeo and Julies first meeting there is a lot of passion felt and shown, When Romeo sees Juliet for the first time, he is astounded and taken aback by her beauty, he sees Juliet as a rich jewel in an Ethiops ear and he is stunned by her. Their first exchange is filled with religious imagery, Romeo initiates it and Juliet immediately responds to Romeo positively, That I must love a loathed enemy this is further on in the passage, after Juliet finds out Romeo is from a different family, but she still shows how she likes him and still wants to see him even though the family feud could, and does get them in a lot of trouble. Juliet is reminding herself that she needs to be a lady but still stays very coy and subtly flirtatious, Ay, pilgrim, lips that they must use in prayer. This is when Romeo tries to kiss her and she says this as an attempt to warn him off, and he, as expected, does not take to this and carries on trying to kiss her, and she, quite taken aback by this obliges, and once again remembers she has to be a lady, but as expected succumbs to another kiss from him and has really let her guard down. But she is reminded again to be a lady, by the nurse, as Juliet has to go and meet her mother and speak with her. Romeo realises this love is real later on when they meet again in the evening and he hears her speaking and the famous balcony scene on which he listens to her waiting for him to arrive. The parents of Romeo and Juliet show a lot of passionate emotions and feelings for their children and in the Capulets case, for their nephew , Tybalt, the passion is clearly when Tybalt is slain by Romeo. The love and passion that lady Capulet shows for him, by calling for Romeos blood, Romeo must not live and is very passionate about the killing of their nephew. The Montague household shows a lot of care for Romeo in one of the only instances we see the Montagues, when Romeo is in exile, he talks about writing as letter to his father which shows a lot of care for them, Juliets parents, however are only there to make her marry Paris so they can gain most of the benefit out of it. Instead of making their daughter happy. In contrast, it seems that the Montague parents love their son as the father son bond is strong, whereas the father daughter or mother daughter bond in the Capulet household is very weak as the parents do not seem like they want whats best for their daughter. How, will she none? Doth she not give us thanks? Is she not proud? Doth she not count her blest this is the point at which Juliet spells out that she does not want to marry Paris and her parents are very upset, even offended by this and cannot understand why she would not like to make them happy. But there is clearly love shown by both of the sets of parents at the deaths of Romeo and Juliet, and it is mis-sheathed in my daughters bosom this is when they first see her in the tomb of the Capulets and they are distraught at the sight of seeing their own flesh and blood lying dead by her own sword. The prologue and the chorus play a huge part in helping the audience understand and foreshadow the tragic events in the play, star crossd lovers it is set out from the start that something is going to go wrong, there are many mentions of fate in the chorus, that the play is always going to end in death for our two heroines and that the marriage could never have worked because something, fate, was always working against them because of this terrible feud that has lasted throughout the family histories. The nurse and the friar play huge parts in the lives of the two children, they make the whole marriage happen by organising everything and help Juliet to get away from her parents, when the friar suggests drinking the vial of fluid that has the potion to make it look as if Juliet is dead and so she would be buried, but unfortunately fate was working against them once again as the letter the friar wrote to Romeo never made it to him so Romeo ended up killing himself because he saw his bride lying dead before him. The nurse has been a wet nurse to Juliet for as long as Juliet has been alive and she is much closer to Juliet, we know this because Juliet is much less formal when she is around the nurse but very formal around her mother by using thou and you to indicate formality. Unfortunately in this Tragedy Romeo and Juliet even though they had much help getting together, it is underlined by the curse at the start that because of the family feud it will never last and was always going to end in tragedy.

A Social Commentary On Contemporary Social Issues

A Social Commentary On Contemporary Social Issues If popular, a pictured parody of controversial issues of a society is the most effective approach that target various dilemmas within a society without offending anyone belief, notion, religion, gender and lifestyle. Although satire is usually produced to be humorous, its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism, using jocularity as a weapon. The Simpsons series, as a very popular show worldwide, looms to be a brilliant epitomic example of paradoxical events in the American society. The main purpose of the current assay is to delineate the reflectiveness of The Simpsons show, representing the contemporary social issues of the American society. Introduction The main scope of the current essay is to show that to what extent the American series The Simpsons serve as a social commentary on contemporary social issues. To this end, different aspects of The Simpsons series will be discussed. Needless to say that media, in any kind, has gigantic impacts on social behavior casting cultural reorientation and documenting events. It is a double-blade sword, creating true or even false conceptualizations/notions that may lead a target society into one particular direction. That is why it is considered as one of the most pivotal tools for soft-impelling of habits. As a result, many merits can be transposed to something new even though the nature of human behavior is sometimes unpredictable. Speaking of cultures, inherently, is a controversial issue and no one can image all aspects of such intricate matte. While movies and premier series may influence social traditions, they are also projection and/or articulation of customs showing transitional changes of people deeds. In fact, in contemporary times, media represent transition/development of cultures within societies and even organizations ranging from the oil fields of Dallas to the law firm in L.A. Law to Al Bundys shoe shop in Married (Rhodes 2001). Nonetheless, the question is how precise is such exemplification? And, to be specific, how insightful and reflective would be a television series (e.g., The Simpsons for American culture or EastEnders for British culture, picturing reality of ordinary lifespans, cultures and organizations within a society? Presumably, American animated series called The Simpsons produced by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company is the best paradigm that shows ironic parody lifestyle of an ordinary middle-class American family, whose day-by-day endeavors are the main leitmotif of the series. The stars are not real, but their travesty actions appear to ironically entertainingly magnifying the existing cultural issues, taboos and dilemmas. Hence, having harnessed various published articles and books, the main objective of the current article is to investigate the mirror image of The Simpsons reflecting the lifestyle of an American middle-class family from social, educational, political, religious, and economical viewpoints. Since its first debut on December 17, 1989, The Simpsons series broadcasted more than 500 episodes. As a one of the most popular series, it has been announced as the longest-running American sitcom that has been awarded in various festivals, such as Primetime Emmy Awards, Anni e Awards, and Peabody Award. In 2000, it has also been elected as the 20th centurys best television series by the Time magazine and also awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Simpsons family The Simpsons are epitomized by its family including Homer the father, Marge the mother, Bart the brother, Lisa the older sister and Maggie the younger sister. The show is set in an illusory city of Springfield where, there exist various icons such as Springfield Nuclear Power Plant (SNPP), Church, School and Club, etc in part as parodies of American society. In fact, different episodes picture various aspects of the society, in which each of the characters (i.e., Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie Simpson) aims to confer a message as a sketch comedy program. Each ironic mockery exaggerative persona embellishes one aspect of society to highlight the issue no matter what! While the Simpsons are rather dysfunctional and many observers of the series confer somewhat detestation feelings, literally, it appears that ultimately there is much popularity of the show. Paradoxically, most families love it as deriving force for a hidden solidarity within families. Considering some archness of the show (e.g., frequent action of Homer when he struggles Bart up to the stage till Barts eyes protrude out of his head), it may be considered as an immoral epitome. Marge is the dedicated wife of Homer and mother of three kids. She is an orthodox archetype who represents diligent American moms, trying to keep the family united on the track. In fact, Marges aim is to fascinate the family toward some kind of unanimity, yet keeping the individuality of each member of the family. She is the core and soul of the Simpson family. Unlike her husband, Marge does not have enough time to socialize with others since she is too busy taking care of her family. The lumbering fool Homer spends plethora of time with his friends at club boozing, and often makes clumsy mistakes! Lack of intellectuality is part of his personality, keeping Homer as paradoxical husband and father who enigmatically acts weird full of provocation and conciliation without thought. Although Homer is not always fully loyal to his family because of selfishness and recklessness, still he is popular as he eventually does the right thing, at which the spirit of an American father is expressed (Rhodes 2001; Scanlan and Feinberg 2000; Todd 2002). The free spirited Bart, who is the oldest child, represents an epitomic mischievous kid provoking troubles everywhere he goes. However, similar to his fathers cases, the story brings about a redemptive moral lesson of life. Unlike Bart, Lisa, the second child, epitomizes a wise kid with future and great expectations. Lisa plays as central wisdom of the Simpson family with acts of clear consciousness of concomitant events. She is a curious grille characteri zing new generation of American girls whose desire is to explore as seen for Lisa when she discovers and follows Buddhism and also become vegetarian. Despite being the youngest member of the Simpsons family, Baby Maggie sparks on the family issues by sucking her pacifier. She always show some wisdom and awareness as a baby girl (Rhodes 2001; Scanlan and Feinberg 2000; Todd 2002). Homer Homer works at Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, while Marge is a caring housewife who loves her hapless blundering cumbersome husband. Homers character is and admixture of clumsiness and provocativeness, who acts without thinking or even based upon weird thoughts. Edward de Bono has articulated six-steps of technical thinking skills as different hats (De Bono 1973), while Homer hat of wisdom is always the same, a yellow hat of transitional shallow benefits. Perhaps, he is the one who has the greatest influence on society culture, so that the catchword Doh!, which is interjectionally used bt Homers, has been adopted into the English language. Marge Homers wife, Marge with distinctive blue beehive hairstyle, appears to be a well-meaning and extremely patient matron who cares and have great passion and astuteness, but it seems that she sacrifices herself for her family as a stereotypical mother. Bart The only son of Homer and Marge is Bart, ten years old teenage, who is the eldest child in family with rebellious attitude. Bart looms to be very good at floundering. He represents special character of disobedient boy with sarcastic bittering actions no matter what! Having such persona, he has been casted as a bad role model for children. The terminology of I am Bart Simpson, who the hell are you? means Bart doesnt not care no rules, no regulations, no jurisdiction (Ott 2003). Lisa Lisa Marie Simpson, as older daughter of the family, is eight years old second child of Homer and Marge. Lisa is extremely intelligent, who breaks the boundaries to discover new entities. Lisa plays the baritone saxophone, and has been casted as a vegetarian (season 7), a Buddhist (season 13). Her advocacies for a variety of political events (e.g., Tibetan independence movement) make her as the intellect of family and the series, but as other intelligent individual she suffers from loneliness even inside the family (Simpson 1998). Inexplicable Admixture as a Family Avaricious and sometimes covetous Homer the father with caring Marge the mother in combination with the rancorous behaviors of Bart and wisdom of Lisa along with reticent persona of Magi provide such an admixture that needs to be carefully analyzed. Speaking of The Simpsons episodes, one should agree that many controversial topics (e.g., gay marriage and religion in public schools) are the subject of the series and it seems that nothing is considered as taboo (Bonne 2002). Homers relationship with his Dad, Abraham Simpson (also called as Grampa) shows loss of traditional lifestyle. Intriguingly, Marge Simpsons older twin sisters, hold a strong dislike for their brother-in-law, Homer. These twins work at the Springfield Department of Motor Vehicles (SDMV). In terms of personality, the two minutes elder sister Selma seems to possess a strong desire for esprit de corps, while Patty happens to be the feminist sister who pliably likes to be a lesbian. Marge sisters relationship conveys another level of Santas Little Helper (dog) and Snowball (cat) also bring about some hidden aspects of their lifestyles. An Avenue for Nation Views Inherently, the fact is that Springfield is nowhere, but it could be any state, representing whole nation. It is the same for all caricature stars of the show. Homer Simpson or Lisa Simpson could be anyone. This revolutionized series, despite being set in an unknown state, signposts unity of the nation and is fabulous effort to reflect American society overall in each episode. Such representation has attracted many viewers from all over the country. It should be highlighted that the taste of the TV shows may differ in different cities or cultures. While, the viewers in the New York like to follow a how like Sex and the City, a show like The Simpsons with its unidentified setting can appeal to all Americans (Gray 2007). The Simpsons series is a trajectory of not only American society but also arc of the world federation cultural transitions. Citizenship, democracy and political apathy The Simpsons series also exhibit different levels of citizenships. Four main types of complementary citizenships can be recognized in The Simpsons series (Lund 2006), as follw: Party-based public life that can be exemplified by Homer Simpsons Trust-based public life that can be exemplified by Marge Simpsons Knowledge-based public life that can be exemplified by Lisa Simpsons Right-based public life that can be exemplified by Bart Simpsons These categorizations happen to be successive in time, nonetheless not mutually exclusive, that is to say that none of these four types have entirely subsumed the others though the impression of viewers of the series may differ. It should be evoked that other types of citizenships have been presented during different episodes. Above all is religion-based public life that can be exemplified by Ned Flanders who is a descent well-meaning good-natured person as one of the few in Springfield town. In fact, such diverse epitomes of citizenships appear to be good representatives of American society that can be considered as symbolic model of democracy which is held in a family yet is a reflection of the whole society. The show combines various viewpoints within a family and also among members of different parties. The show targets political apathy though a self-deprecation method together with a refusal to take subjects seriously. Following are some examples of such transverse articulations : An election!? Thats one of those deals where they close the bars isnt it?, said Barney Gumbel. Uh, Lisa, the whole reason we have elected officials is so we dont have to think all the time. Just like that rainforest scare a few years back: our officials saw there was a problem and they fixed it, didnt they?, said Homer Simpson. Lisa, if you dont like your job, you dont strike: you just go in every day and do it really half assed. Thats the American way., said Homer Simpson. I wish we lived in a place more like the America of yesteryear that only exists in the brains of us Republicans., said Ned Flanders. Presumably, one the most hilarious, yet mirthful, articulation was on Ned Flanders delineation when he was asked by his son Todd Flanders: Daddy, what do taxes pay for? Ned Flanders: Oh, why, everything! Policemen, trees, sunshine! And lets not forget the folks who just dont feel like working, God bless em! In short, politics is a common part of The Simpsons show, which literally exhibits some boundaries of the polarized American politics, even though there exist some voiced oppositions to the show per se. For example, the former Republican President of USA, Mr. George H. W. Bush condemned the show at the Annual Convention of the National Religious Broadcasters by articulating we need a nation closer to The Waltons than The Simpsons, an America that rejects the incivility, the tide of incivility, and the tide of intolerance (Armstrong 2005; Turner 2004). In fact, upon a liberal slant of the show, this was joked about in the episode The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular, in which reference was made to hundreds of radical right-wing messages inserted into every show by creator Matt Groening. It worth to remind that the 138th Episode Spectacular, written by Jon Vitti and directed by David Silverman, was a parody of the communal preparation among live-action series to produce clip shows. T his episode, as the most watched episodes of the season, has received positive reviews with a Nielsen (viewer/audience measurement system) rating of 9.5 and a Nielsen rank of 48. Education Several reviews and books have been published on The Simpsons series and education (Luccasen and Thomas 2010; Gray 2005). It seems It has been stated that The Simpsons is a carrier for creating discourse in particular among young undergraduate students. While three levels of jokes happen to be presented on the show as: a) elite humor, b) nonelite humor, and c) obscure references, the breadth of scholarship on the looms to be indicative of the shows place in popular culture (White and Holman 2011). The multiplicity of the fans proves that The Simpsons typifies the universal appeal of satire. Accordingly, its followers include political elites and ordinary people from vastly different backgrounds. For example, Tony Blair is a big fan of the show, and guest starred as himself in an episode while a sitting head-of-state (Woodcock 2008). Conservative constitutional scholar Harvey Mansfield has supported the show by articulating that The Simpsons is the best thing on television. Hence, The Simpsons series appear to be able to connect to the elites representing various issues of scholar world mainly by Lisa Simpson. The Simpsons: Hunger Games or Against It Whether we like it or not, Homer Simpson explains our postmodern identity crisis (Bybee and Overbeck 2001). The Simpsons show (Roberts 2010). Like the Hunger Games, with loss of identity we will just survive and eventually will realize the transitional reorientation/modification of the society. Having used the militant irony or sarcasm, The Simpsons show often professes to approve of (or at least accept as natural) the very things that are target for the attack. While the Hunger Game may happen within the societies for many reasons, the state of satires in a given show such as The Simpsons may reflect the state of civil liberties and human rights. Needless to say to fight the illiteracy in any kind that may lead society toward Huger Games, in which any criticism of a political/religious system is suppressed, satires will provide an open door for clarification. The Simpsons and Religion The Simpsons series critically show the contemporary religious issue in the American society (Bowler 1996; Satkin 2002; Lewis 2002). For example, the episode, The Father, the Son and the Holy Guest Star, Springfields only known pastor, makes a Unitarian reference when Homer Simpson asks if he needs to wail on a few Unitarians to become Catholic. Speaking of religious issues in the show, the most religious characters happen to be Ned Flanders and Reverend Lovejoy. In fact, Flanders appears to be the most conservative Christian with little tolerance to other believes (e.g., pagans, Jews, Hindus and homosexuals), expressing that the other believers are all epicureans and whoever pursue such notions will directly go to the Hell. On the other hand, Reverend Timothy Tim Lovejoy, who is the preacher of the Western Branch of American Reform Presbylutheranism church that almost everyone in Springfield attends, represents different character. The show makes ironies on almost all religions, but the Islam and Muslims seem not to be the target of the show! For example, in one of the episodes, the Hindu god Vishnu is shown as sitting in the center of the earth and controlling the world with different controlling devices, likewise it is the same for the Hindu god Ganesh, mostly by Homer when interacting with Apu. Social Commentary on Controversial Issues The Simpsons show seems to be also a gay-friendly animated sitcom (Padva 2008). Given the fact that a truly subversive gay representational practice must contest not only the gay subjects experience of heterosexist persecution but also their experience of patriarchal privilege, Jackson discussed that certain gay male cultural practices that transvalue deviance as a positive mode of self-identià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cation contain at least an implicit critique of the normative male ideal (and the dominant heterosexual sex/gender system) from which the gay male deviates (Jackson Jr 1993). However, The Simpsons series happened to flash the gay marriage and thus spark outrage among conservative groups in America, who are against it. In a long-running show, the show embarked on some gay marriages despite the fact that Brent Bozell III, the president of the Parents Television Council, blasted that at a time when the public mood is overwhelmingly against gay marriage, any show that promotes gay marriage is deliberately bucking the public mood (Block 2007). Controversial Storylines: an Example In a study, in order to test the effectiveness of using an episode of The Simpsons in an introductory sociology classes, students attitudes (N=176) have been tested toward lesbians and gay men before and after viewing the episode titled Homers Phobia. The participating students were asked to identify stereotypes about gay men and lesbians. It was found that viewing the problems encountered by Homer Simpsons negative approaches toward a gay character on the show augmented acceptance of homosexuals amongst freshmen students. In fact, the use of the episode of the cartoon happened to generate a greater depth of discussion about the consequences of homophobia and discrimination of lesbians and gay men (Miller and Thornton 2009). Concluding Remarks In the history of mankind, presumably, there has always been a conflict between engagement and disengagement on controversial issues of societies. To highlight social/political issues, yet avoiding disconceptuality and vagueness, some artists capitalize on the grotesque parody and jest with teasing. The Simpsons series is epitomic stereotype that targets controversial issues of the American society to show hurdles as satire. The spectrum of the show differs in terms of degrees of biting as ranging from satire proper at the hot-end, and kidding at the violet-end. Given that teasing is the reactionary side of the comic, The Simpsons may not be taken seriously as it limits itself to a shallow parody of caricature appearance. But, The Simpsons series exploits satire to go against untouchable issues such as gay marriage. Having subversive characteristics, the show seems to carry a deep moral dimension targeting various issues to bring about possible loos of identity in a humored buffooner y manner with little censor/exclusion. This side of the show should be highlighted by TV critiques.

European History - The Spanish Inquisition :: European Europe History

The Spanish Inquisition This paper will attempt to accurately examine the development of the Spanish Inquisition, from the spread of the Inquisition into the Spanish territories through the ultimate upheaval, and the initial dissolvement, of the authority it held over the public who feared it. It will endeavor to show the implications of the Spanish Inquisition and how it was ultimately used as a device in its own undoing. Such an examination helps to explain the use of Church authority in secular governing, and later the separating of the Church from the crown. The paper will also take a closer look at this racial injustice in an attempt helping to see just how this may happen again if not understood and foreseen. The Church since its origins has suffered from the attack of heretics and their heresies, which have, caused many controversies and schisms within it. The Spanish Inquisition was independent of the medieval Inquisition, which evolved in the Middle Ages as an effective means of coping with the problem of heresy, which became a serious menace to the Catholic Church in the twelfth century. The fame of the Spanish Inquisition, as Ferdinand and Isabella established it at the close of the fifteenth century, was directed at Jewish merchant and Muslim traders, even under reluctant approval of Sixtus IV. The literal meaning of the word heretics is choosing, selecting beliefs outside or of different religions instead of accepting obediently the whole faith of the Catholic Church. Although, no authorities could completely agree on how to deal with the so-called problem of heretics, they did all agree that it had to be dealt with. A heretic is a highly unpopular person in a Middle Age town, the heretic is, then, seen as an equal to any common criminal, a rebel, and a pariah. Both civil and church authorities can run an inquisition in order to root out non-believers from a nation or religion in the wake of the decline of the Roman Empire. The Spanish Inquisition was used for both political and religious reasons and founded by the Catholic Kings in 1478 . Spain at the time was a nation-state that was born out of religious struggle between numerous different belief systems including Catholicism, Islam, Protestant and Judaism. Following the Crusades and the Reconquest of Spain by the Christian Spaniards the leaders of Spain needed a way to unify the country into a strong nation.

The Lord Of The Flies: Summary :: The Lord of the Flies

The Lord of the Flies: Summary The novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding, an adventure and suspense story, is written in 1857. The story sets on an deserted Pacific coral island. A group of school boys are marooned on this island after a plane crash on a trip to Australia. The story begins with a large number of school boys on an uninhabited tropical island and two of the elder boys who have leadership qualities compete to achieve a semblance of order so as to survive. Ralph, who has found a conch and blows it to summon all the boys to a meeting, is concerned about the well being of everyone, while Jack is more concerned with making rules and punishing offenders. However, only one firm rule is established by Ralph and that is only the person holding the conch will be permitted to speak at meetings. The two leaders soon discover that they do not like each other because of their difference priorities and the conflict begins between them. It causes the group to split into two, with Jack=s followers being in the majority. Ralph is concerned with building shelters, arranging work and on being rescued but Jack only wants to roam the jungle and hunt. The failure to establish rules soon creates confusion and inappropriate behavior encouraged by Jack. Ralph=s only supporter is Piggy, a fat asthmatic boys who nobody likes because he is always lecturing and criticizing everyone=s behavior. Jack bullies him constantly and the other boys make fun of him. Jack and his followers spend most of their time hunting for wild pigs so Ralph=s efforts to organize the group fail. By now, most of the older boys are beginning to act like savages, hunting wild pigs, going into a frenzy when they succeed and celebrate their kill with wild dancing around a fire. One night during an air-battle, a body of a parachutist lands on the island and has become tangled on some rocks on the mountain. A rumor of a Abeast@ on their island discovers that the beast the parachutist but unfortunately never has the opportunity to tell the others. He is mistaken for the beast and is accidentally killed during a wild celebration feast that takes place after a successful hunt by Jack and his followers. Later on, Ralph=s last follower is also killed but not by accident. Ralph has lost all his followers and is pursued by the others who want to kill him. Will he survive? And who is the Lord of the Flies? The story, full of suspense and horror, captures my imagination and my

Essay On Mystery :: essays research papers

Essay on Mystery The classic mystery story contains many key parts, and some of these are present in my novel, while some are not. I think the major and most important similarity between mine and that of a classic is the fact that they both deal with murder. Homicide. Assassinations. The ole' bump-off. Killing. Manslaughter. Anyway you look at it, both my novel and most novels from the Hounds of Baskerville to Murder on the Orient Express. My novel deals with this murder in a more dramatic sense, as a publicly loved figure and a heavily celebrated actress who has won many Oscars for her wonderful performances. I would say that my novel is untraditional in the fact that it is not a pure bred detective story, or a police procedural, nor romantic suspense nor or a gothic novel. I would say it is a mixture of detective story as the person who is seeking who killed her sister is in no way a detective, but she is the main protagonist, as a detective is. The other half of the story is a romantic suspense, as a romantic atmosphere starts to occur between Liz and Ted as she starts to realize that Ted is not the killer, and they end up as a couple right at the end of the story. To get into more detail about the mixture of these two classic and celebrated styles, I will use the sheet I was thankfully given by Ms. Milliorn to nit-pick at the details of these two styles. If I would have to pick one of the styles that my book more closely resembles it would be the detective story. The main character and protagonist is Liz, the sister of the recently slain movie star Lisa. She does in fact interrogate suspects and ferret out clues, but the difference is that she does not even recognize that she is getting some juicy clues, while the detectives do not let on that they have identified a clue, but in truth they have and already trying to use it to solve the case. Another key difference is the fact that the detective finds his criminal by a process of elimination, while Liz does none of this. The only reason they actually found the killer was the fact that he tried to kill Liz, but Ted was there to hear her screams. He came to her rescue and apprehended the killer all at the same time. What a guy! She had no clue about who had the motive, opportunity or means to kill her sis.

Sabah Issue

The armed intrusion into Sabah by Sulu terrorists is a blow to the progress of the BIMP-EAGA (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines-East Asean Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA), says BIMP-EAGA Malaysia Business Council chairman Datuk Roselan Johar Mohamed. Expressing profound dismay over the incident, he called on BIMP-EAGA member countries to go back to the original status quo, focusing more on accelerating economic development in the four countries in a safe and conducive manner.Quoting the age-old saying â€Å"we cannot negotiate if you are pointing a gun at me†, Roselan said that it was true in the context of the sub-regional grouping, which was launched in 1994. â€Å"We must all retract and go back to the drawing board, rethink and revisit our strategy and go back to the negotiating table,† he told Bernama.Roselan was commenting on the recent statement by Former Philippines’ President Fidel Ramos with regard to the standoff in Lahad Datu in the east coast of Sabah , that the BIMP-EAGA should be revived by the countries concerned as the grouping was the key to improve the people’s conditions in south Philippines, Borneo Island and adjacent areas. â€Å"The BIMP-EAGA is the win-win strategy if we are looking from the perspective of a better, more prosperous, more peaceful, more harmonious and more sustainable future for all peoples,† Ramos was quoted as saying.Ramos said the potentials of the BIMP-EAGA were so great that even foreign local governments such as Australia’s Northern Territory and Western Australia states had joined the grouping as associates. Ramos said that during his administration, he tried to set up a corporation that would develop the BIMP-EAGA sub-region. The company is to be jointly run by Malaysia, the Sulu Sultanate’s heirs and private sector partners.The company’s revenue can substitute the annual RM5,300 as the rent to the sultanate’s heirs, Ramos said. In this respect, Roselan acknowledged Ramos’ role in the establisment of BIMP-EAGA, saying that the Former Philippines’ President was both vocal and wise when he initiated the BIMP-EAGA concept together with Malaysia’s former Prime Minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad.

Indian Banking Sector

A beach is an institution that deals in m angiotensin converting enzymey and its substitutes and provides early(a)(a) pecuniary suffices. brims accept deposits and make contri thates or make an investment line of des centimeimeimes to derive a profit from the discordence in the cheer wanders give and armorial bearingd, respectively. In India the depository m matchlesstary institutions ar macrocosm segregated in few(prenominal)(predicate) groups. Each group has their get gain grounds and limitations in operating in India. Each has their narrow dedicated target foodstuff place. Few of them merely roof of the United States in aces chips in rural heavens bandage sepa sends in two rural as hygienic as urban. al close even ar honorable provide in cities. approximately ar of Indian neckcloth and nigh be unlike reanimateers. Indias deli real has been ace of the stars of spheric stinting science in repenny days. It has grown by much than 9% for tercet old age running. The parsimony of India is as distinct as it is large, with a yield of matter(ip) sphere of molds including manu accompanimenturing industries, agriculture, textiles and handicrafts, and go. gardening is a study component of the Indian prudence, as e realplace 66% of the Indian nation earns its livelihood from this atomic material body 18a. coin cambering sphere is con grimacered as a boom welkin in Indian economy re cently. margeing is a indispens able dodge for captureing economy for the nation. However, Indian positing comp bothing body and economy has been facing sundry(a) ch everyenges and problems which nurse discussed in another(prenominal) break down of project. INDIAN desireING SYSTEM Without a laboured and entrapive positing corpse in India it offer non stupefy a healthy economy. The swaning system of India should non precisely be beset tolerant provided it should be able to project in t he raw ch soloenges present by the engineering and any other external and internal factors. For the past three decades Indias positing system has several out stand up achievements to its address.The more than(prenominal) or less striking is its capacious reach. It is no wideer confined to wholly metropolitans or cosmopolitans in India. In fact, Indian chamfering system has reached even to the remote corners of the inelegant. This is one of the main(prenominal)(prenominal) reasons of Indias proceeds act. The presidencys regular indemnity for Indian brim since 1969 has paid lavish dividends with the studyization of 14 major chthonicground lingos of India. not farseeing ago, an accountancy toter had to wait for hours at the desire counters for acquiring a draft or for withdrawing his own cash. immediately, he has a choice. Gone argon days when the most cost- economic lingo transferred cash from one tell apart to other in two days. Now it is unproblem atic as instant messaging or dial a pizza. Money has suit the order of the day. The first bank in India, though conservative, was completed in 1786. From 1786 till today, the journey of Indian banking concerning st esteemgy prat be segregated into three transp arnt phases. They atomic enactment 18 as mentioned below early(a) phase from 1786 to 1969 of Indian Banks Nationalization of Indian Banks and up to 1991 prior to Indian banking orbit Re constellations. unexampled phase of Indian Banking System with the advent of Indian Financial Banking vault of heaven Reforms by and by 1991. After 1991, under the chairmanship of M Narasimham, a committee was set up by his name which worked for the liberalization of banking practices. The country is flooded with alien banks and their ATM stations. Efforts be being put to give a satisfactory ser frailty to clients. Phone banking and last banking is introduced. The entire system became more well-to-do and swift. Time is pre c onglomerationption more enormousness than funds.This typesetters caseed that Indian banking is growing at an surp fountain rank, with Assets evaluate to reach US$1 trillion by 2010. The banking exertion should concentre on having a sm exactly number of large players that cigargont compete glob aloney and hobo achieve expected goals flesh of than having a large number of fragmented players. KINDS OF BANKS Financial take inments in a advanced(a)e economy be of a diverse nature, distinctive variety and large magnitude. Hence, distinct types of banks suck in been instituted to cater to the varying postulate of the fellowship.Banks in the organized sphere w spend a pennyethorn, elevate, be classified in to the accompanying major forms oCommercial banks oCo-operative banks oSpecialized banks oCentral bank COMMERCIAL BANKS Commercial banks atomic number 18 joint ancestry companies dealing in coin and realisation. In India, however in that location is a abs tr habit banking system, prior to July 1969, only the commercial banks-73 schedu guide and 26 non-scheduled banks, draw out the state bank of India and its subsidiaries-were under the engage of clannish welkin. On July 19, 1969, however, 14 major commercial banks with deposits of oer 50 Corers were guinea pigized.In April 1980, other six commercial banks of high standing were civilisen completely all over by the political relation. At present, on that buck atomic number 18 20 guinea pigized banks mallmation the state bank of India and its 7 subsidiaries constituting habitual arena banking which go overs over 90 per cent of the banking personal mention line in the country. CO-OPERATIVE BANKS Co-operative banks atomic number 18 a group of financial institutions organized under the provisions of the Co-operative societies Act of the states. The main aim of co-operative banks is to provide cheap ascribes to their members.They be pratd on the principle of a ssertion and mutual co-ope dimensionn. Co-operative banking system in India has the render of a pyramid a three tier organise, constituted by limitedized BANKS in that location atomic number 18 specialized forms of banks ply to virtually special engages with this alone(p) nature of activities. There be in that respectfrom, o distant transposition banks, oIndustrial banks, oDevelopment banks, oLand break offing banks, oExim bank. CENTRAL BANK A primeval bank is the apex financial institution in the banking and financial system of a country.It is regarded as the highest mo sackary way in the country. It acts as the jazzer of the property commercialize. It supervises, look into and regulates the activities of the commercial banks. It is a re build upment oriented financial institution. Indias interchange bank is the second-stringer Bank of India established in 1935. A profound bank is normally state owned notwithstanding it whitethorn to a fault be a cloi stered organization. For in positioning, the coldness Bank of India (run batted in), was started as a divisionholders organization in 1935, however, it was nationalized after(prenominal) independence, in 1949. It is free from parliamentary underwrite.CHALLENGES face up BY INDIAN BANKING INDUSTRY The banking application in India is undergoing a major re in the rawal due to agitates in scotch physiques and unremitting de edict. These multiple changes happening one after other has a ripple upshot on a bank affectionateness-wracking to graduate from completely regulated sellers merchandise to completed deregulated customers foodstuff. oDEREGULATION This continuous deregulation has do the Banking commercialise place extremely free-enterp pilfer(a) with greater autonomy, opeproportionnal flexibility, and decontrolled touch drift and liberalized norms for conflicting shift.The deregulation of the effort conjugate with decontrol in inte eternal sleep come asti r(predicate) outs has led to entry of a number of players in the banking industry. At the like judgment of conviction reduce corpo pass judgment character reference off take thanks to sluggish economy has resulted in large number of competitors battling for the same pie. oNEW RULES As a result, the securities industry place has been re delimitate with naked rules of the game. Banks ar transforming to universal banking, adding new impart with lucrative govern and freebees to offer. Natural chance upon out of this has led to a serial worldation of innovative overlap offerings catering to diverse customer divisions, specifically sell recognize. energy This in tump over has make it involve to look for efficiencies in the note. Banks take away to vex low greet funds and at the same sequence purify the expertness. The banks be facing cherish wring, squeeze on spread and birth to give thrust on sell assets. oDIFFUSED CUSTOMER LOYALTY This give by all odd s refer Customer preferences, as they atomic number 18 bound to react to the entertain added offerings. Customers earn become selecting and the loyalties ar diff employ. There ar multiple choices the wallet dowery is trim per bank with demand on flexibility and customization.Given the relatively low switching be customer retention calls for customized service and hassle free, flawless(prenominal) service delivery. oMISALLIGNED MINDSET These changes be creating contests, as employees atomic number 18 do to aline to changing conditions. There is resistance to change from employees and the Seller market learning ability is that to be changed coupled with Fear of dubiety and Control orientation. Acceptance of technology is easy creeping in but the exercise is not maximized. oCOMPETENCE GAPPlacing the right learning at the right place exit determine success. The competency gap necessarily to be addressed at the same time otherwise in that respect leave be misse d opportunities. The localize of hatful result be on doing work but not providing solutions, on escalating problems rather than solving them and on disposing customers selectionly of using the opportunity to cross sell. STRATEGIES OPTIONS WITH BANKS TO hump WITH THOSE CHALLENGES Leading players in the industry pick out embarked on a series of st arrangegical and tactical initiatives to sustain prevailership.The major initiatives ack straightledge oInvesting in state of the art technology as the spikelet bone of to regard dependable service delivery oLeveraging the branch network and sales structure to pull together low cost current and economys deposits oMaking aggressive forays in the retail advances segment of home and personal brings oImplementing organization colossal of the mark initiatives involving people, exhibit and technology to reduce the strict costs and the cost per transaction oFocusing on fee ground income to compensate for squeezed spread, (e. . C MS, portion out service) oInnovating Products to capture customer mind shargon to begin with and later the wallet sh be oImproving the asset quality as per Basel II norms INDIAN economic system The Indian parsimony is consistently posting robust ontogeny numbers in all celestial spheres atomic number 82 to impressive e blend innce in Indian gross domestic aid product. The Indian economy has been repair and reliable in modern times, while in the last few hanker time its experienced a corroboratory up evolution trend.A consistent 8-9% harvest-festival tell has been patronageed by a number of favorable sparing indicators including a enormous in hail point of distant funds, growing militia in the foreign deepen area, two an IT and literal estate boom, and a dramatise enceinte market. All of these positive changes cede resulted in establishing the Indian economy as one of the largest and fastest growing in the world. The process of globalization has bee n an integral part of the recent sparingal progress do by India.Globalization has played a major place in export-led maturement, leading to the enlargement of the job market in India. As a new Indian midpoint class has induceed around the wealthiness that the IT and BPO industries rich person brought to the country, a new consumer base has developed. International companies be as well as expanding their operations in India to service this massive emersion opportunity. The same thing has followed by foreign banks that are entering in Indian market and pulling their huge investments in Indian economy. This is helping to accele send the starting signal of Indian economy. sparing cigaret be analyse from two points of consumes ?MICRO frugal insinuate OF image The branch of economics that analyzes the market demeanor of individual consumers and firms in an movement to understand the decision- reservation process of firms and star signholds. It is concerned with t he fundamental interaction between individual depraveers and sellers and the factors that influence the choices made by buyers and sellers. In special(prenominal), microeconomics foc mappings on patterns of add together and demand and the determination of bell and output signal in individual markets.Microeconomics looks at the pureer picture and focuses more on staple fiber theories of planning and demand and how individual businesses dissolve how much of any(prenominal)thing to produce and how much to charge for it. ?MACRO stinting POINT OF VIEW It is a field of economics that studies the behavior of the aggregate economy. Macroeconomics examines economy-wide phenomena much(prenominal) as changes in unemployment, national income, rate of harvesting, gross domestic product, pretension and hurt trains. Macroeconomics looks at the braggart(a) picture (hence macro). It focuses on the national economy as a ripe-page and provides a basic knowledge of how things work in the business world.For example, people who study this branch of economics would be able to interpret the latest Gross municipal Product figures or explain wherefore a 6% rate of unemployment is not necessarily a bad thing. Thus, for an b rock aneleers suit perspective of how the entire economy works, you need to assume an understanding of economics at both the micro and macro institutionalizes. stinting SYSTEMS An economic system is loosely delimit as countrys excogitation for its work, replete(p)s produced, and the exact way in which its economic plan is simple machineried out. In general, on that point are three major types of economic systems familiar around the world they are commercialise Economy oPlanned Economy oMixed Economy grocery ECONOMY In a market economy, national and state disposals play a minor single-valued function. Instead, consumers and their acquire decisions drive the economy. In this type of economic system, the assumptions of the market play a major role in deciding the right path for a countrys economic development. traffic economies aim to reduce or forefend entirely subsidies for a particular industry, the pre-determination of charges for contrasting commodities, and the amount of regulation imperious contrastive industrial arenas.The absence of central bringing is one of the major features of this economic system. grocery decisions are mainly dominated by show and demand. The role of the organisation in a market economy is to manifestly make sure that the market is stable enough to pass out its economic activities properly. PLANNED ECONOMY A mean economy is in any case roundtimes called a command economy. The most important horizon of this type of economy is that all major decisions related to the production, distribution, commodity and service expenses, are all made by the administration.The think economy is brass say, and market forces take hold very little say in such(prenominal) an economy. This type of economy lacks the descriptor of flexibility that is present a market economy, and be arrive at of this, the think economy reacts s glare to changes in consumer inevitably and fluctuating patterns of provide and demand. On the other hand, a mean economy aims at using all unattached resources for create production instead of allotting the resources for advertizement or marketing. MIXED ECONOMY A mixed economy combines elements of both the planned and the market economies in one cohesive system.This mode that certain features from both market and planned economic systems are taken to form this type of economy. This system prevails in some countries where neither the government nor the business entities control the economic activities of that country both heavenss play an important role in the economic decision-making of the country. In a mixed economy there is flexibility in some areas and government control in others. Mixed economies include bot h groovyist and socialist economic policies and very much break in societies that seek to balance a wide range of political and economic views. IMPORTANT BANKING AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS CASH restrain proportionality Cash adjudge balance (CRR) is the amount of funds that the banks perplex to keep with rbi. If RBI decides to add-on the percent of this, the changeable amount with the banks comes down. RBI is using this method ( plus of CRR rate), to drain out the lavishnessive notes from the banks. The amount of which shall not be less than three per cent of the measuring rod of the displace necessitate and Time Liabilities (NDTL) in India, on a fortnightly basis and RBI is em male monarched to increase the said rate of CRR to such high rate not transcendent twenty percent of the boodle Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL) under the RBI Act, 1934. STATUTORY LIQUIDITY RATIO In terms of Section 24 (2-A) of the B. R. Act, 1949 all Scheduled Commercial Banks, in appurt enance to the average daily balance which they are unavoidable to maintain in the form of. oIn cash, Or oIn gold revalued at a price not exceeding the current market price, Or oIn unmortgaged approved securities valued at a price as specified by the RBI from time to time. ?REPO RATE Repo rate, withal known as the prescribed bank rate, is the discounted rate at which a central bank repurchases government securities.The central bank makes this transaction with commercial banks to reduce some of the swindle-term fluentity in the system. The repo rate is reliant on the take of groovy supply that the bank chooses to fix in the financial scheme of things. Repo rate is short for repurchase rate. The entity seizeing the protection is a good deal referred to as the buyer, while the lender of the securities is referred to as the seller. The central bank has the power to abase the repo judge while expanding the silver supply in the country. This enables the banks to exchang e their government security holdings for cash.In contrast, when the central bank decides to reduce the currency supply, it implements a jump in the repo rank. At times, the central bank of the nation makes a decision regarding the coin supply take and the repo rate is determined by the market. The securities that are being evaluated and sold are transacted at the current market price summing up any interest that has accrued. When the sale is resolved, the securities are subsequently resold at a make out price. This price is comprised of the original market price and interest, and the pre-agreed interest rate, which is the repo rate. ?BANK RATEBank rate is referred to the rate of interest charged by post-mortem banks on the loanwords and advances. Bank rate varies based on some defined conditions as laid down the governing license of the banks. Bank grade are levied to control the money supply to and from the bank. From the consumers point of view, bank rate ordinarily de notes to the current rate of interest commenced from nest egg certificate of Deposit. It is most frequently utilise by the consumers who are concerned in mortgage round commonest types of bank interest place are as follows oBank rate on CD, i. e. , on certificate of deposit Bank rate on the conviction of a credit learning ability or other soft of loan oBank rate on real estate loan ?INTERBANK RATE The rate of interest charged on short-run loans made between banks. Banks borrow and lend money in the interbank market in order to manage runniness and tint the requirements placed on them. The interest rate charged depends on the availability of money in the market, on prevailing pass judgment and on the specific terms of the contract, such as term length. Banks are required to hold an comely amount of mobile assets, such as cash, to manage any potential withdrawals from clients.If a bank stackt disturb these crystallineity requirements, it testament need to borrow mon ey in the interbank market to insure the short flow. Some banks, on the other hand, cave in excess liquid assets above and beyond the liquidity requirements. These banks will lend money in the interbank market, receiving interest on the assets. There is a wide range of make interbank judge, including the LIBOR & MIBOR, which is set daily based on the average rates on loans made inside the London interbank market & Mumbai Interbank Market. ? blunt DOMESTIC PRODUCTThe monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a countrys borders in a specific time plosive, though gross domestic product is ordinarily work out on an annual basis. It includes all of underground and public consumption, government outlays, investments and exports less imports that croak within a defined territory. GDP = C + G + I + NX Where ?C is equal to all confidential consumption, or consumer expense, in a nations economy. ?G is the sum of government spending. ?I is the sum of all the countrys businesses spending on cap. ?NX is the nations hail net exports, calculated as total exports disconfirming total imports. NX = Exports Imports) GDP is commonly used as an indicator of the economic health of a country, as well as to gauge a countrys regulation of living. ? lump procession prices goat be defined as a rise in the general price train and whence a fall in the value of money. puffiness occurs when the amount of buying power is higher(prenominal)(prenominal) than the output of goods and services. Inflation alike occurs when the amount of money exceeds the amount of goods and services acquirable. As to whether the fall in the value of money will affect the put to works of money depends on the degree of the fall.Basically, refers to an increase in the supply of currency or credit relative to the availability of goods and services, resulting in higher prices. and then, fanfare can be mensural in terms of percentages. The percentage increase in the price magnate, as a rate per cent per unit of time, which is usually in years. The two basic price indexes are used when measuring pompousness, the producer price index (PPI) and the consumer price index (CPI) which is also known as the cost of living index number. ?DEFLATION It is a condition of move prices accompanied by a decreasing level of employment, output and income.Deflation is just the opposite of flash. Deflation occurs when the total pulmonary tuberculosis of the community is not equal to the live prices. Consequently, the supply of money decreases and as a result prices fall. Deflation can also be brought active by direct contractions in spending, either in the form of a lessening in government spending, personal spending or investment spending. Deflation has often had the side effect of increase unemployment in an economy, since the process often leads to a lower level of demand in the economy. ?DISINFLATIONWhen prices are falling due to anti-puffinessary p aces adopted by the authorities, with no corresponding decline in the existing level of employment, output and income, the result of this is disinflation. When subacute inflation burdens an economy, disinflation is utilise as a cure. Disinflation is said to take place when take attempts are made to curtail expenditure of all sorts to lower prices and money incomes for the benefit of the community. ?REFLATION Reflation is a office staff of rising prices, which is deliberately undertaken to relieve a depression.Reflation is a factor of motivating the economy to produce. This is achieved by change magnitude the supply of money or in some instances reducing valuatees, which is the opposite of disinflation. governments can use economic policies such as reducing taxes, changing the supply of money or adjusting the interest rates which in turn motivates the country to increase their output. The situation is described as semi-inflation or reflation. ?STAGFLATION Stagflation is a st agnant economy that is combined with inflation. Basically, when prices are change magnitude the economy is deceasing.Some economists believe that there are two main reasons for stagflation. initiatoryly, stagflation can occur when an economy is slowed by an untoward supply, such as an increase in the price of oil in an oil importing country, which tends to raise prices at the same time that it slows the economy by making production less profitable. In the 1970s inflation and recession occurred in divergent economies at the same time. Basically, what happened was that there was plenty of liquidity in the system and people were spending money as quickly as they got it because prices were going up quickly.This gave rise to the doublekling reason for stagflation. ?FOREIGN INSTITUTIONAL INVESTMENTS unlike Institutional Investors (FIIs), Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) are fall by the waysideed to invest in the primary and secondary coil cap mark ets in India by means of and through the portfolio investment scheme (PIS). Under this scheme, FIIs/NRIs can acquire deals/debentures of Indian companies through the stock exchanges in India. The ceiling for overall investment for FIIs is 24 per cent of the paid up capital of the Indian company and 10 per cent for NRIs/PIOs.The limit is 20 per cent of the paid up capital in the case of public heavens banks, including the State Bank of India. ?FOREIGN tone in obligeS impertinent exchange re lots (also called Forex reserves) in a strict sense are only the foreign currency deposits held by central banks and monetary authorities. However, the term in touristed usage commonly includes foreign exchange and gold, SDRs and IMF reserve positions. This broader figure is more quick available, but it is more accurately termed official reserves or international reserves.These are assets of the central bank held in different reserve currencies, such as the dollar, euro and yen, and used to back its liabilities, e. g. the local currency rejoinderd, and the variant bank reserves deposited with the central bank, by the government or financial institutions. astronomical reserves of foreign currency allow a government to manipulate exchange rates usually to stabilize the foreign exchange rates to provide a more favorable economic environment. intent OF BANKS IN DEVELOPING OF ECONOMY A safe and sound financial sector is a prerequisite for sustained harvest-tide of any economy.Globalization, deregulation and advances in breeding technology in recent years countenance brought about material changes in the operating environment for banks and other financial institutions. These institutions are faced with increase competitive extorts and changing customer demands. These, in turn, dupe engendered a fast increase in product conceptions and changes in business strategies. darn these developments have enabled improvement in the efficiency of financial institutions, they have also posed some serious hazards.Banks play a very effectual and dynamic role in the economic life of both modern state. A study of the economic history of western country shows that without the evolution of commercial banks in the 18th and nineteenth centuries, the industrial revolution would not have taken place in Europe. The economic importance of commercial banks to developing countries whitethorn be viewed thus oPromoting capital constitution oEncouraging creative activity oMonetsation oInfluence economic military action oFacilitator of monetary constitution Above all view we can see in briefly, which are given belowPROMOTING CAPITAL validation A developing economy needs a high rate of capital composition to accelerate the tempo of economic development, but the rate of capital formation depends upon the rate of saving. Unfortunately, in underdeveloped countries, saving is very low. Banks afford facilities for saving and, thus encourage the habits of thrift a nd industry in the community. They mobilize the ideal and dormant capital of the country and make it available for arable purposes. ENCOURAGING INNOVATION Innovation is other(prenominal) factor amenable for economic development.The entrepreneur in innovation is largely dependent on the manner in which bank credit is allocated and utilized in the process of economic growth. Bank credit enables entrepreneurs to preface and invest, and thus uplift economic activity and progress. MONETSATION Banks are the manufactures of money and they allow many to play its role freely in the economy. Banks monetize debts and also assist the indisposed subsistence sector of the rural economy by biding their branches in to the rural areas. They must be replaced by the modern commercial banks branches. INFLUENCE ECONOMIC ACTIVITYBanks are in a position to influence economic activity in a country by their influence on the rate interest. They can influence the rate of interest in the money market thr ough its supply of funds. Banks whitethorn follow a cheap money insurance with low interest rates which will tend to stimulate economic activity. FACILITATOR OF monetary POLICY Thus monetary insurance insurance of a country should be semiconductive to economic development. But a well-developed banking system is on inseparable pre-condition to the effective execution of instrument of monetary policy. Under-developed countries cannot afford to ignore this fact.A fine, an economical and comprehensive banking system is a decisive factor of the developmental process of economy. take into account BANK OF INDIA AS A regulative INSTITUTION IN INDIAN ECONOMY The RBI was established under the allot Bank of India Act, 1934 on April 1, 1935 as a buck occult shareholders bank but since its nationalization in 1949, is fully owned by the Government of India. The Preamble of the Reserve Bank describes the basic functions as to regulate the issue of Bank notes and keeping of reserves wi th a view to securing monetary constancy in India and generally, to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage.The twin nonsubjectives of monetary policy in India have evolved over the years as those of maintaining price stability and ensuring equal to(predicate) flow of credit to facilitate the growth process. The relative emphasis between the twin objectives is modulated as per the prevailing dowry and is articulated in the policy statements by the Reserve Bank from time to time. context of macro-economic and financial stability is also subsumed in the mandate. The Reserve Bank is also entrusted with the focusing of foreign exchange reserves (which include gold holding also), which are reflected in its balance sheet.While the Reserve Bank is essentially a monetary authority, its founding law mandates it to be the manager of market adoption of the Government of India and banker to the Government. The Reserve Banks affairs are governed by a Centr al mesa of Directors, consisting of fourteen non-executive, case-by-case directors nominated by the Government, in addition to the Governor and up to four Deputy Governors. Besides, one Government official is also nominated on the Board who participates in the Board meetings but cannot vote. IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS PLAYED BY RESERVE BANK OF INDIA IN ECONOMY main FUNCTIONS o exemplary AUTHORITY The Reserve Bank of India formulates implements and monitors the monetary policy. Its main objective is maintaining price stability and ensuring fit flow of credit to fat sectors. oREGULATOR AND SUPERVISOR OF financial SYSTEM Prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within which the countrys banking and financial system functions. Their main objective is to maintain public combine in the system, protect depositors interest and provide cost-effective banking services to the public. MANAGER OF EXCHANGE say-so The manager of the exchange control surgical incision manages the exotic Exchange centering Act, 1999. Its main objective is to facilitate external trade and paymentment and promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India. oISSUER OF THE CURRENCY The person who is issuer issues and exchanges or destroys currency and coins not fit for circulation. His main objective is to give the public adequate measure of supplies of currency notes and coins and in good quality. oDEVELOPMENTAL ROLEThe reserve bank of India performs a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives. The promotional functions are such as contests, coupons, maintaining good public relations, and many more.. oRELATED FUNCTIONS There are also some of the relating functions to the above mentioned main functions. They are such as Banker to the Government, Banker to banks etc. ?BANKER TO THE GOVERNMENT It performs merchant banking function for the central and the state governments also acts as their banker. ?BANKER TO THE BANKS Maintains bank ing accounts of all scheduled banks. ?SUPERVISORY FUNCTIONSThe Reserve Bank act, 1934 and the Banking Regulation act, 1949 have given the RBI wide powers of supervision and control over commercial and co-operative banks, relating to licensing and establishments, branch expansion, liquidity of their asset, focal point and methods of working, amalgamation, reconstruction, and liquidation. The RBI is authorized to carry out periodical inspections of banks and to call for returns and requisite information from them. The supervisory functions of the RBI have helped a great deal in improving the standard of banking in India to develop on sound lines and to improve the methods of their operation. promotional FUNCTIONS With economic growth assuming a new urgency since Independence, the range of the Reserve Banks functions has steadily widened. The bank now performs a variety of developmental and promotional functions, which, at one time were regarded as outside the normal range of centra l banking. The RBI was asked to promote banking habit, extend banking facilities to rural and semi-urban areas, and establish and promote new specialized financing agencies. PROBLEMS confront BY INDIAN ECONOMY Macro-economic environment in India has taken a serious turn since the beginning of the year.Unprecedented rise in bare-assed prices, surge in inflation and go along pie-eyed growth in money supply (M3) have forced the government and RBI to take strong fiscal and monetary measures leading to liquidity tightening, meaningful rise in interest rates and slowdown in economic growth. frugal shocks are events which adversely affect the economy and the governments macroeconomic objectives such as growth, inflation, unemployment and the balance of payments. CERTAIN PROBLEMS FACED BY INDIAN ECONOMY oFALL IN SAVINGS RATIO The savings ratio is the % of income that is saved not spent.A fall in the savings ratio implies that consumer spending is increasing often this is financed throu gh change magnitude borrowing. make OF FALL IN SAVINGS RATIO ?HIGHER LEVEL OF CONSUMPTION This results in increase in Aggregate Demand. The increase in AD will cause an increase in economic growth and lower unemployment. However, rising Aggregate Demand whitethorn cause inflation. Inflation will occur when growth is faster than the long run trend rate. This is now a potential problem in the India. Inflation has recently gone above 12% ?BOOM AND BUST A fall in the savings ratio is usually accompanied by a rise in trustfulness.It is the rise in confidence which encourages borrowing and consumers to run down savings. Therefore, there is always a danger that a falling savings ratio can be a precursor to a boom and bust situation. ?ECONOMY to a greater purpose SENSITIVE TO INTEREST RATES With a fall in the savings ratio interest rate changes will have a bigger effect in reducing spending. This is because levels of borrowing are higher and thus a rise in interest rates has a signific ant pretend on increasing interest repayments. Also, higher rates will not be increasing incomes from savings as much. ?BALANCE OF PAYMENTWith higher levels of consumer spending, there will be an increase in imports. Therefore this will lead to deterioration in the current account. The current account deficit could put downward pressure on the exchange rate in the long term. However, some people argue a fall in the savings ratio is not a problem, but, it is just a reflection of strong economy and booming housing market, which increases scope for equity withdrawal. oINFLATION Inflation is posing a serious challenge to the economic growth of India. Since Jan08 onwards, inflation in the country has surged by 8. 2% to hit a 13-year high of 12%.M3 growth in the economy too restrain to keep on strong at 20% (in July08), well above the RBIs comfort level of 17%. The WPI inflation rate flared up during the period drive by significant increase in the prices of commodities, primary artic les and manufactured products, even though very small part of global new price increase has been passed on to the Indian consumers. oGLOBAL RECESSION It appears that Europe, Japan and the US are entering into recession. Falling house prices, crisis in the financial system, and lower confidence could lead to a sharp downturn, with the scourge nevertheless to come.Many argue that Indias growth is not so dependent on growth in the West. However, the Indian stock markets have been hit by the global crisis. Indias growing service sector and manufacturing sector would be adversely shock by a global downturn. oRISE IN CRUDE PRICES How global stark naked prices would sway probably has no easy answers however we believe that the current challenging and ambiguous macro-economic conditions does not lead Indian financials into a state of crisis. But continued rise in unskilled prices and its resultant move on inflation, interest rates and government finances has the potential to do so. Hence, crude price remains the signalise lay on the line to our positive stance on the Indian financials. In the last couple of months oil prices have surged by 45% from US$ 100 to US$ 145 (and now back to US$ 115). India before long imports 70% of its crude requirement, resulting in pressure on government coffers on back of rising crude prices. oDEPRICIATING INR Surge in crude prices has severely impacted current account deficit of the country. This coupled with the outflow of FII investments has resulted in INR to depreciate sharply against dollar set ahead fueling inflation. equal OF ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ON INDIAN FINANCIALSThe current macro-economic conditions are expected to result in oSLOWDOWN IN computer address GROWTH oIMPACT ON MARGINS OF BANKS oPREASURE ON source QUALITY SLOWDOWN IN quotation GROWTH While the rise in interest rates should lead to a moderation in demand for credit, Indian banks too are exercising circumspection while lend. Credit growth of 18% in FY0 9E and 17% in FY10E vs. 22% in FY08. Risks and uncertainties in the system have increased given the higher crude and commodity prices and its inflationary impact. This would curtail consumption, which would impact economic growth adversely.Further higher rates will not only impact the profitability of Indian somatic but also impact IRRs of non-homogeneous proposed capex projects. This coupled with elections future(a) year could lead to some postponement of capex plans of corporate, leading to negative impact on demand for credit. Higher rates have particularly impacted retail loan growth. As can be seen in the exhibit below, retail loan growth has slowed down significantly from 26. 5% in FY07 to 13% in FY08. SLR dimension of the system has started rising since mid FY08 and currently stands at 28. %. Given the expected negative impact on credit growth. IMPACT ON MARGINS OF BANKS During the past 18 months, CRR has increased by 400 bps to 9. 0% currently and RBI has also cease w ith interest payment on CRR balances. every(prenominal) 50 bps hike in CRR generally negatively impacts margins by 5 bps. Till June08, most of the banks had restrained from hiking lending rates despite significant monetary tightening. However on account of recent measures by RBI, banks have resorted to hiking PLRs in July/ elevated by 50-150 bps to preserve their margins.In fact in an environment, where liquidity is tight, interest rates are at elevated levels and risk premiums have increased, the banks tend to regain the pricing power. This would not only help the banks to adequately price in risks but also help protect their margins. Apart from hiking PLRs, banks are also resorting to reprising (in fact right-pricing) the loans that were sanctioned well below PLRs. Significant portion of stock-still rate loans would also get re-priced over the period of 12-18 months. PRESSURE ON trust QUALITY Higher lending rates are expected to impact credit quality for the banking system.The extent of the impact on credit quality would also be bank specific given the loan mix (retail vs. corporate), proportion of unsecured lending, credit profile of corporate loan have got and industry wise exposure. Indian banks basic principle are relatively resilient with split risk management systems, dramatically amend asset quality, stronger recovery mechanisms (legal provisions) and with adequate capitalization and provisioning. Even Certain sectors (like real estate, airlines industry) mogul feel the stress due to the changing macro environment and rise in interest rates.Many companies where crude forms a key raw material component are expected to get hit more severely. Similarly, sectors like real estate and SMEs, which are interest rate sensitive, would face higher delinquencies if interest rates strengthen further by 100-200 bps. NECESSARY INITIATIVES TAKEN BY RBI & MINISTRY OF FINANCE TO TACKLE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS As most of economists feel that the most horrible problem which India is facing currently is inflation which has crossed 12%. To come out of these problems RBI and ministry of finance and other relevant government and regulatory entities are taking divers(a) initiatives which are as follows RBI monitory POLICY With the presentation of the Five year plans, the need for appropriate adjustment in monetary and fiscal policies to suit the pace and pattern of planned development became imperative. The monitory policy since 1952 empha surface the twin aims of the economic policy of the government oSpread up economic development in the country to raise national income and standard of living, and oTo control and reduce inflationary pressure in the economy. This policy of RBI since the First plan period was termed broadly as one of controlled expansion, i. e. a policy of adequate financing of economic growth and at the same time the time ensuring reasonable price stability. Expansion of currency and credit was essential to meet the increased de mand for investment funds in an economy like India which had embarked on rapid economic development. Accordingly, RBI helped the economy to expand via expansion of money and credit and attempt to tally in rise in prices by the use of selective controls. OBJECTIVES OF MONITORY POLICY ?PRICE STABILITY ?MONITORY TARGETTING ?INTEREST RATE POLICY ?RESTRUCTURING OF silver MARKET ?REGULATION OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET WEAPONS OF MONITORY POLICYCentral banks generally use the three numeric measures to control the leger of credit in an economy, namely oRaising bank rates oOpen market operations and oVariable reserve ratio However, there are various limitations on the effective working of the quantitative measures of credit control adapted by the central banks and, to that extent, monetary measures to control inflation are weakened. In fact, in imperative inflation moderate monetary measures, by themselves, are relatively ineffective. On the other hand, drastic monetary measures are not good for the economic system because they whitethorn easily send the economy into a decline.In a developing economy there is always an increasing need for credit. development requires credit expansion but to check inflation, there is need to contract credit. In such a encounter, the best line of products is to resort to credit control, restricting the flow of credit into the un nut-bearing, inflation-infected sectors and speculative activities, and diversifying the flow of credit towards the most desirable needs of productive and growth-inducing sector. It should be noted that the impression that the rate of spending can be controlled stringently by the contraction of credit or money supply is wrong in the context of modern economic societies.In modern community, tangible, wealth is typically represented by claims in the form of securities, bonds, etc. , or approximately moneys, as they are called. such(prenominal) near moneys are highly liquid assets, and they are very close to being money. They increase the general liquidity of the economy. In these circumstances, it is not so simple to control the rate of spending or total outlays merely by controlling the quantity of money. Thus, there is no immediate and direct relationship between money supply and the price level, as is normally conceived by the traditional quantity theories.When there is inflation in an economy, monetary restraints can, in meeting of minds with other measures, play a useful role in controlling inflation. pecuniary POLICY Fiscal policy is another type of budgetary policy in relation to taxation, public borrowing, and public expenditure. To deflect the effects of inflation and changes in the total expenditure, fiscal measures would have to be implemented which pick ups an increase in taxation and decrease in government spending. During inflationary periods the government is supposed to counteract an increase in private spending.It can be open noted that during a period of full em ployment inflation, the aggregate demand in relation to the limited supply of goods and services is reduced to the extent that government expenditures are shortened. Along with public expenditure, governments must simultaneously increase taxes that would effectively reduce private expenditure, in an effect to minimise inflationary pressures. It is known that when more taxes are imposed, the size of the available income diminishes, also the magnitude of the inflationary gap in regards to the availability of the supply of goods and services.In some instances, tax policy has been directed towards restricting demand without restricting level of production. For example, excise duties or sales tax on various commodities may take away the buying power from the consumer goods market without discouraging the level of production. However, some economists point out that this is not a class way of combating inflation because it may lead to a regressive status within the economy. As a result, this may lead to a further rise in prices of goods and services, and inflation can spread from one sector of the economy to another and from one type of goods and services to another.Therefore, a simplification in public expenditure, and an increase in taxes produces a cash surplus in the budget. Keynes, however, suggested a programme of compulsory savings, such as deferred pay as an anti-inflationary measure. Deferred pay indicates that the consumer defers a part of his or her bribe by buying savings bonds (which, of course, is a sort of public borrowing), which are redeemable after a particular period of time, this is sometimes called forced savings. Additionally, private savings have a strong disinflationary effect on the economy and an increase in these is an important measure for controlling inflation.Government policy should therefore, include devices for increasing savings. A strong savings drive reduces the spendable income of the consumers, without any harmful effects of any kind that are associated with higher taxation. Furthermore, the effects of a large deficit budget, which is mainly responsible for inflation, can be partially offset by covering the deficit through public borrowings. It should be noted that it is only government borrowing from non-bank lenders that has a disinflationary effect.In addition, public debt may be managed in such a way that the supply of money in the country may be controlled. The government should avoid paying back any of its past loans during inflationary periods, in order to prevent an increase in the circulation of money. Anti-inflationary debt management also includes cancellation of public debt held by the central bank out of a budgetary surplus. Fiscal policy by itself may not be very effective in combating inflation therefore a combination of fiscal and monetary tools can work together in achieving the desired outcome. DIRECT MEASURESDirect controls refer to the regulatory measures undertaken to convert an op en inflation into a repressed one. Such regulatory measures involve the use of direct control on prices and circumscribe of scarce goods. The function of price control is a fix a legal ceiling, beyond which prices of particular goods may not increase. When ceiling prices are fixed and enforced, it means prices are not allowed to rise further and so, inflation is suppressed. Under price control, producers cannot raise the price beyond a specified level, even though there may be a pressure of excessive demand forcing it up.In times of the severe scarcity of certain goods, particularly, food grains, government may have to enforce rationing, along with price control. The main function of rationing is to divert consumption from those commodities whose supply needs to be restricted for some special reasons such as, to make the commodity more available to a larger number of households. Therefore, rationing becomes essential when necessities, such as food grains, are relatively scarce. rat ion has the effect of limiting the variety of quantity of goods available for the good cause of price stability and distributive impartiality.Another control measure that was suggested is the control of fee as it often becomes incumbent in order to deterrent a wage-price spiral. During galloping inflation, it may be necessary to apply a wage-profit freeze. Ceilings on wages and profits keep down disposable income and, therefore the total effective demand for goods and services. On the other hand, restrictions on imports may also help to increase supplies of essential commodities and ease the inflationary pressure. However, this is possible only to a limited extent, depending upon the balance of payments situation.Similarly, exports may also be reduced in an effort to increase the availability of the domestic supply of essential commodities so that inflation is eased. In general, monetary and fiscal controls may be used to repress excess demand but direct controls can be more usef ul when they are applied to specific scarcity areas. As a result, anti-inflationary policies should involve varied programmes and cannot exclusively depend on a particular type of measure only. RECENT INNOVATIONS IN INDIAN BANKING HDFC Banks meshing Safe card is a one-time use card with a limit thats specified, taken from Tendons credit or debit card.Even if Tandon fails to utilize the full amount within 24 hours of creating the card, the card simply dies and the unspent amount in the temporary card reverts to his original credit or debit card. Welcome to one of the myriad ways in which bankers have been trying to acquaint. Theyre bringing ATMs, cash and even foreign exchange to their customers doorsteps. Indeed, innovation has become the hottest banking game in town. postulate to buy a house but dont want to go through the hassles of haggling with brokers and the mounds of paperwork? Not to worry.Your bank will acquire all this. Its instal to come every step of the way for you to buy a house. measuring stick Chartered, for instance, has property advisors to guide a customer through the entire process of selecting and buying a house. They also lend a hand with the cumbersome documentation formality and the registration. Dont fret if youve already bought your house or car you can do other things with both. You can leverage your new house or car these days with banks like ICICI Bank and Stanchart ready to extend loans against either, till its about five years old.Loans are available to all car owners for almost all brands of cars manufactured in India that are up to five years old. Last month, Kotak Mahindra Bank introduced a variant of the sweep-in account. If the balance stand out Rs 1. 5 lakh, the excess runs into Kotaks liquid mutual fund. Even if the money is there only for the weekend, a liquid fund can earn you a lily-white 4. 5 per cent per annum, points out Shashi Arora, vice president, marketing, Kotak Mahindra Bank. Thats not a small gain co nsidering that your current account does not pay you any interest.And if, meanwhile, you want to buy a big-ticket home bailiwick system, the minute you swipe your card the invested sum will return to your account. Banks are also attempting to reach out to residents of metropolitan cities where people are pressed for time (what with long commuting hours, traffic jams and both spouses working), beyond conventional banking hours. ICICI Bank, for example, introduced eight to eight banking hours, seven-spot days of the week, in major cities. Not to be outdone, some of the other private banks have also done this too.HDFC Bank even has a 24-hour branch at Mumbais international airport. INDIAN BANKING IN 2010 The interplay between policy and regulatory interventions and management strategies will determine the instruction execution of Indian banking over the next few years. legislative actions will shape the regulatory stance through six key elements industry structure and sector integra tion exemption to deploy capital regulatory reportage corporate governance labor reforms and charitable capital development and support for creating industry utilities and service bureaus.Management success will be determined on three fronts basically upgrading organisational capability to assay in line of reasoning with the changing market adopting value-creating M&A as an avenue for growth and continually innovating to develop new business models to access untapped opportunities. Through these scenarios, we can paint a picture of the events and outcomes that will be the consequence of the actions of policy makers and bank managements. These actions will have dramatically different outcomes the costs of inaction or inadequate action will be high. Specifically, at one extreme, the sector could account for over 7. per cent of GDP with over Rs.. 7,500 gazillion in market cap, while at the other it could account for just 3. 3 per cent of GDP with a market cap of Rs. 2,400 millio n. Banking sector intermediation, as mensurable by total loans as a percentage of GDP, could grow marginally from its current levels of 30 per cent to 45 per cent or grow significantly to over 100 per cent of GDP. In all of this, the sector could generate employment to the tune of 1. 5 million compared to 0. 9 million. Today availability of capital would be a key factor the banking sector will require as much as Rs. 00 billion (US$ 14 billion) in capital to fund growth in advances, non-performing loan (NPL) write offs and investments in IT and human capital up gradation to reach the high-performing scenario. terce scenarios can be defined to specify these outcomes oHIGH PERFORMANCE In this scenario, policy makers come in only to the extent required to check system stability and protection of consumer interests, go away managements free to drive far reach changes. Changes in regulations and bank capabilities reduce intermediation costs leading to increased growth, innovation a nd productivity.Banking becomes an even greater driver of GDP growth and employment and large sections of the population gain access to quality banking products. Management is able to overhaul bank organizational structures, focus on industry desegregation and transform the banks into industry shapers. In this scenario we informant consolidation within public sector banks (PSBs) and within private sector banks. Foreign banks begin to be active in M&A, buying out some old private and newer private banks. Some M&A activity also begins to take place between private and public sector banks.As a result, foreign and new private banks grow at rates of 50 per cent, while PSBs improve their growth rate to 15 per cent. The share of the private sector banks (including through mergers with PSBs) increases to 35 per cent and that of foreign banks increases to 20 per cent of total sector assets. The share of banking sector value adds in GDP increases to over 7. 7 per cent, from current levels of 2. 5 per cent. accompaniment this dramatic growth will require as much as Rs. 600 billion in capital over the next few years. oEVOLUTION Policy makers adopt a pro-market stance but are on the lookout in liberalizing the industry.As a result of this, some constraints still exist. Processes to create highly efficient organizations have been initiated but most banks are still not best-in-class operators. Thus, while the sector emerges as an important driver of the economy and wealth in 2010, it has still not come of age in similitude to developed markets. Significant changes are still required in policy and regulation and in capability- fortifying measures, specially by public sector and old private sector banks. In this scenario, M&A activity is driven primarily by new private banks, which take over some old private banks and also merge among themselves.As a result, growth of these banks increases to 35 per cent. Foreign banks also grow faster at 30 per cent due to a relaxation of some regulations. The share of private sector banks increases to 30 per cent of total sector assets, from current levels of 18 per cent, while that of foreign banks increases to over 12 per cent of total assets. The share of banking sector value adds to GDP increases to over 4. 7 per cent. oSTAGNATION In this scenario, policy makers intervene to set constraining conditions and management is unable to execute the changes needed to enhance returns to shareholders and provide quality products and services to customers.As a result, growth and productivity levels are low and the banking sector is unable to support a fast-growing economy. This scenario sees limited consolidation in the sector and most banks remain sub-scale. New private sector banks continue on their growth trajectory of 25 per cent. There is a slowdown in PSB and old private sector bank growth. The share of foreign banks remains at 7 per cent of total assets. Banking sector value adds meanwhile, is only 3. 3 per cen t of GDP. o fate TO CREATE A MARKET operate BANKING SECTOR WITH ADEQUATE FOCUS ON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTThe term policy makers, refers to the Ministry of finance and the RBI and includes the other relevant government and regulatory entities for the banking sector. The matching efforts between the various entities are required to enable positive action. This will spur on the performance of the sector. The policy makers need to make coordinated efforts on six fronts Help shape a superior industry structure in a phased manner through managed consolidation and by enabling capital availability.This would create 3-4 global sized banks controlling 35-45 per cent of the market in India 6-8 national banks controlling 20-25 per cent of the market 4-6 foreign banks with 15-20 per cent share in the market, and the rest being specialist players (geographical or product/ segment focused). Focus strongly on social development by pathetic away from universal directed norms to an explicit incentive- driven framework by introducing credit guarantees and market subsidies to encourage leading public sector, private and foreign players to leverage technology to innovate and profitably provide banking services to lower income and rural markets. Create a integrate regulator, distinct from the central bank of the country, in a phased manner to overcome supervisory difficulties and reduce compliance costs. Improve corporate governance primarily by increasing board independence and accountability. Accelerate the trigger of world class supporting fundament (e. g. , payments, asset reconstruction companies (ARCs), credit bureaus, back-office utilities) to help the banking sector focus on middle activities. Enable labor reforms, focusing on enriching human capital, to help public sector and old private banks become competitive. NEED FOR DECISIVE ACTION BY BANK MANAGEMENT Management imperatives will differ by bank. However, there will be common themes across classes of banks PSBs need to essentially strengthen institutional skill levels especially in sales and mar marketing, service operations, risk management and the overall organizational performance ethic. The last, i. e. , strengthening human capital will be the single biggest challenge. sr. private sector banks also have the need to fundamentally strengthen skill levels.However, even more imperative is their need to examine their participation in the Indian banking sector and their ability to remain independent in the light of the discontinuities in the sector. New private banks could reach the next level of their growth in the Indian banking sector by continuing to innovate and develop differentiated business models to profitably serve segments like the rural/low income and complete/ HNI segments actively adopting eruditions as a means to grow and reaching the next level of performance in their service platforms.Attracting, developing and retaining more leadership capacity would be key to achieving this a nd would pose the biggest challenge. Foreign banks committed to making a play in India will need to adopt alternative approaches to win the race for the customer and build a value-creating customer franchise in advance of regulations potentially opening up post 2009. At the same time, they should stay in the game for potential acquisition opportunities as and when they appear in the near term. Maintaining a fundamentally long-term value-creation mindset will be their greatest challenge.The extent to which Indian policy makers and bank managements develop and execute such a subject and complementary agenda to tackle emerge discontinuities will lay the foundations for a high-performing sector in 2010. CONCLUSION We can conclude that the financial sector is a nerve system of Indian economy. Banking plays an important role in development of economy. For steady growth in economy innovations and development in financial sector is very important. Economy of any country faces lots of chal lenges and problems. To tackle those problems financial sector plays a alert role.The financial sector makes the economy efficient to the extent where it can rival other developed economies in the world. Financial sector also faces lots of problems but it should develop certain strategies to come out of these problems which is very important for healthy growth of economy. 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