Prison Reforms Essay

Prisons as oft been indicated, be get along institutions. They ar total in the genius that oermuch of the aspects of an respective(prenominal)s life is out of his or her control. Within prison house house houses, the mercifuls life as we know it is subjected to numerous constraints which include spatial confinement tincting on the freedom of movement. It has very muchtimes been stated that prisons adversely affect the radiation diagram development and growth of individuals as the senescence process is norm eachy accele numberd. Prisons take fleshly toll on an individuals body as it has been estimated that an confidence trick doing some(prenominal) amount of time will direct ten days older than their developed age (Cordilia, 1983).However, oneness certain concomitant is that prisoners argon doing time. This is a enounce normally used to refer to the human suffering characteristic of individuals and their life indoors the marge of the prison. Statistical ev idence depict that punitory officers suffer from all types of physiques tie in with stress due to their conditions and state deep down the prisons. Such include stark intoxi ratt abuse, depression, he subterfuge attacks, hypertension and ulcers. According to Silverman and Vega (1996), an individuals life expectancy is trim back by more than eighty pct when table service any(prenominal) amount of geezerhood in the prison.This points towards prisons creation hard places where human life as we understand it is bring down to nighthing indescribable. As much as prisons argon meant to deter crimes, more often that non, they show up as schools of crime. An individual by and by dowery his or her sentences emerges into the party with a new(a) preparation of skills which finally threatens the auberge as yet more. Most individuals found guilty of dissimilar crimes go in as small- bear in minded and approximatelytimes as non- angry off differenceers only to make sens e out as different individuals exhibiting military group and serious tendencies.It has been noticed that serious and violent crimes be throwted a special group of individuals known as septette septenaryty theory where seventy portion of crimes ar committed by seven percent of offenders (Wolfgang et. al. 1792). Within three years of their release, two thirds of individuals released from prison will be back. Could it be that the prisons whitethorn not be doing enough to model prisoners so they whitethorn be integrated in the company or ar the prisons better places to be for some people? The latter is unconvincing since the conditions within prisons be deplorable.How then do the prisons serve their purpose and how can they be remediateed? In order to manage the question, it is imperative to look at what it nub to serve a sentence in prison. Within the prison administration, in that location are sets of codes that govern life within the prisons. at that place are t he official general administrative rules and regulation, codes which govern convicts, the color line of merchandise and rules set by gangs which are often referred to as gang membership rules (Hackett, et. al. 1986). The official rules are the acceptable codes within the prisons. That is, they are the nation and the donts.The convict codes on the opposite hand are the perceived translation of what or how a good or perfect convict should be. Color line seems invisible only if one is give to notice it especially when specific races shadow various turf areas. Gang codes are underground outlines for enterprises run by iniquitouss. each(prenominal) these tend to shape the prison system and any attempt at reforms moldiness focus on these codes and how they affect individuals who stir been incarcerated. It cannot be denied that the condition of prisoners is affected by these codes which govern the relationship among the subjects within the confines of prison.As such, various aspec ts analogous health, violence, wipeout and infections can be attributed to how the system handles the eructation of such things as stated in the prison laws (Johnson, 1996). For instance, there are some administrative laws which whitethorn negatively invasion on the well creation of prisoners, or there may be policies which may impact negatively on punitory officers. beyond these internal factors, there are some measures which may progeny in prisons being overcrowded. Coupled with the rules which exist within the prisons, overcrowding may facilitate the permeate of diseases within the prison.Of all the problems which characterize prison life, diseases and violence are the most dreaded (Sykes, 1958). However, the structure of the prisons may determine how such occurrences are inured so that they do not result in catastrophes. The existence of codes within the prison system which seem to govern the yield of both inmates and correctional officers should be one of the major f ocus of reforms. For instance, convict codes do not actually prohibit violence, queer or killing other inmates.The ultimate tool of control within the prisons being segregation where an inmate is confined for a given period of time, an individual may be heart-to-heart to various dangers which may result in harm (Toch, 1977). As much as inmates are considered to be social outcasts, there still exist some intrinsic properlys which they possess. Such includes the right to life. For prisons to effectively perform their functions, there is engage for serious reforms. An individuals inalienable rights are affected when they are exposed to conditions which make them vulnerable to diseases, violence and a general stare of disorder.Such are the prison conditions. With overcrowding, there is jump to be numerous problems which culminate into what can be termed as human rights abuse both by fellow inmates and prison officers. Overcrowding as well as means that diseases can easily spread which has a consequence of endangering the lives of the inmates. Hard criminals are to a fault intimidate to take reward of newly imprisoned individuals. As such, prison reforms must address how such groups are differentiated so as to lift such eventualities as rapes and murders.As much as prison reforms may be cerebrate on the inmates, the work of correctional officers should not be overlooked. There are instances when inmates attack correctional officers leading to serious situations hence making their jobs to be difficult. With this regard, prison reforms should also look at ensuring ways of covering the golosh of the correctional officers since they are bound to be harmed by hardcore criminals and gangs. Since an inmate cannot be tried twice, there is an member of immunity to the judicial system which may lead them to hurt correctional officers with impunity. brisk measures must be taken to look that correctional officers are ascertained safety within the scope of thei r practice since they are the people solely responsible for ensuring that criminals lodge where they belong. Much of prison reforms agree focused in improving the condition of prisoners by introducing in one way or another some form of entertainment. As much as these may be necessary, the main focus of reforms should be to moderate that released convicts do not pose any threat to the society after terminate their term.Contrary to most reforms, prisons should not be turned into holiday camps for prisoners as this is bound to have an effect on the rate of crime. either serious prison reform instead should focus on the condition of prisoners in legal injury of basic facilities like beds and adequate meals so that the inmates lives may not be threatened by diseases resulting from overcrowding and vile sanitary. As such, prison reforms must be far fetched so as to deal the prison environment in totality.A way finished which inmates and correctional officers can better cooperate so that the prison conditions can be improved should also be the focus of reforms. However, there is often a struggle which exists between the inmates and the correctional officers (Braswell et. al, 1994). As such, there are often some elements of animus between the convicts and the inmates. This animosity at times fix so severe that is expressed violently. This makes it virtually out of the question for meaningful reforms to be achieved since, beside those reforms that need adjusting facilities, enforcing rules be advance a tragedy.Since it is possible that convicts can come out of prisons and still be plentiful members of the society, there is need to equip them with friendship which will guarantee their survival when their terms end. Such knowledge should guide them in dropping the criminal mindset that they have developed so as not to end up in prisons again. This may not be as at large(p) but with good cooperation between the knowledge sector and the prisons department, some inmates may just their academic dreams era still serving their sentences.This is however not easily manageable because the society is often suspicious of individuals who have a history of crime. Even with prodigious skills, the society is bound to distrust released convicts. However, there are those convicts whose desire is to formerly again integrate into the society and join their family members while performing productive duties. The government unneurotic with the prisons department should join to ensure that such individuals do not waste their lives in prison perfecting the art of crime.Every convict who has completed his or her time should be guided through active reforms within the prisons that ensure that they do not find themselves resorting to crime as a means of sustenance especially for those criminals involved with robbery, burglary and theft. Educational programs have been prospered in curbing the tendency of released inmates to commit crimes. Inmates who successfully completed a mettlesome school diploma or GED are less likely to commit crimes after release than those who have not reach similar fostering.As such, education for the inmates should also be the focus of serious reforms. A major setback for such education programs is that few inmates can access them. provided five percent of the inmate commonwealth can access these educative and replenishment programs which is a very small serving as compared to those that these programs are meant. The main scrap for any reforms targeting prisons is not only how to guarantee the wellbeing of prisoners when they are inside the prisons but also how to integrate them in the society after their terms are over without posing any threat to the society.Any meaningful prison reforms should focus on prisons as a means of achieving an end and not as an end in itself (Goldstein et. al. 1989). For example, prisons should focus on how to ensure that once a person has been declared high-risk to live with others within the society, they should be pattern to acquire the skills of avoiding to engage in criminal acts and thus extend the good virtues which the society seek to further as wickedness is just a state of mind which can also be modify just like other states of mind.

Manage health and social care practice Essay

consequent ground practice refers to the existent impacts, cause and or end dress outtlements of table services / interventions on an individuals life. Its effectiveness is non measured by numbers/figures or financial strategies it is measured by the absolute payoff that is achieved. It isnt near what is require to be done further what is truly achieved as the result that matters. Outcome base practice is centred on results for people in the succeeding(a) beas gains in health, mobility and skills, prevention of deterioration, increases in confidence, engagement and feeling they be in control and fin ein truth last(predicate)y changes in behaviour. It is assessed and intend starting with the end result / last and then planning how the goal is to be achieved. Outcome based practice is approximately investing quite an than funding or purchasing and leads to a very distinguishable kind of relationship with programme or service appropriaters.It means that provid ers piss liberty and are expected to innovate the objectives and plans etcetera It doesnt just require the foreplay of one or two people, all in all(a) team members are set and are required to contribute to the achievement of outcomes. every last(predicate) outcomes will be measured as part of service/programme valuation. at that place are dissimilar slipway to accession outcome based practice following different models or systems and mannequins, including Outcomes into Practice initiated by the Social Policy Research whole (SPRU) in the University of York, a Results Based obligation model, the logical system Model and Outcomes counsel. Outcomes into Practice (SPRU) is very much service oriented and is principally used for adults and older peoples services, for carers and people with learn disabilities.It is user-centred and promotes value of users find their own outcomes. It provides autonomy and flexibility for service providers ensuring that they are responding to the ever changing inescapably and preference of their service users. This model / framework identifies iii categories of outcomes bidding, change and maintenance. It has both official and negative features and is very useful for all involved are revolve abouting on achieving the same identified outcomes, involving service users in decisions about their own care and ensuring that they have control, finding out what works for all involved, enabling staff to use their hatchway and feel valued.some(a) of the disadvantages to this impact embroil the actual measuring of outcomes and although bite-sized outcomes contribute to to a greater extent strategic goals the higher outcomes are concentrated to plan and be effective. Results-Based Accountability this is exceedingly tumesce worked out system and adopts an ends (results) to means approach. It in like manner presents itself as simple and substantially implemented with a talk to exploit rule. This system is able to discriminate surrounded by Population Accountability and act Accountability. Performance accountability is based on three key questions How much did we do? How well did we do it? And is anyone better off as a result?. It requires a adopt for baseline assessments / predictions in order to reminder and evaluate.The advantages to this process accepts it being adaptable to different services and interventions, it provides very strategic outcomes and in the UK is being used for Every nestling Matters outcomes and actually measuring outcomes is more(prenominal) achievable. Some of the disadvantages to this rule acting complicate funding issues, charge relationships as organisations appear to be quite an insular when implementing outcomes, individual outcomes/person-centred working and although the actual supposition is simple the detail is complex.Logic model adopts a visual rendering of interventions and or programmes. It provides a way of apprehension the connections betwe en resources (inputs), activities, intended outcomes and the impact of outcomes. This method allows for short term, medium term and prospicient term impact of outcomes to be aforethought(ip) and monitored, a bit like a road map towards the outcome required. Although this method is not very precise but it does portray a picture to stakeholders about the aspects they think are important. Advantages to this process include it helps systemise and organise a programme, it provides a useful primary planning mother fucker, it illustrates the concept and strategy of programme for stakeholders and other organisations, evaluation of outcomes is fairly easy and straightforward and it git be easily augmented to gibe differing situations.Disadvantages to this process include planning and steering of ongoing interventions and service provision. Outcome Management assumes a results matter style and this provides the hotheaded force behind it. This means that goals necessitate to be quantifi ed on the outset as what gets measured gets done. This method also provides a performance measuring tool and milestones provide opportunities to take stock and puzzle adjustment. This process challenges conventional thinking and provide the opportunity for job descriptions to provide a pathway to enthusiasm and energy rather than just being about compliance. This method takes on an evaluation is important, but learning is even more important observatory and believes that the way forward is to invest in order to get results.Advantages to this process include it is very supportive of innovation, challenges conventional ways of doing things making people think remote of the box and is used a mint in substance abuse programmes where results are easy to measure. Disadvantages to this measure include more complex outcomes are more vexed to plan, assess and monitor and individual focus can be lost. Outcome based practice is proving to a very valued and evidence based practice whic h suggests that supreme outcomes are more likely to be achieved when this process is followed. Legislation and frameworks also advertize the process as a outmatch practice method and evidence strongly backs this up. No matter how small or big a goal it, when able using the outcome based process the individual and their care team are all away of the end result which they want to achieve there for the outcome is much more likely to be achieved than if for an example 1 person has set a goal without following this process and involving the individual and key people in their lives.Read more Manage health and social care practice to stop up positive outcomes for individuals

'Career Research Project on Business Management Essay\r'

'1.JOB TITLE\r\n business organisation presidential term and Management, or Sales Management\r\nJOB definition\r\nDirect the actual distribution or movement of a product or service to the customer.\r\nEstablish training programs for gross revenue representatives. Analyze sales statistics ga at that placed by staff to determine sales potential and inventory requirements and to monitor the preference of the consumer. chance(a) activities include selling or influencing others-convincing others to demoralize merchandise or otherwise changing their minds. Making decisions and solving problems, evaluating, and analyzing reading and data to make decisions and solve problems. Establishing and maintaining a rappur with customers and employees. essenti completelyy providing structure within the comp whatever and fashioning authority decisions. Sources: Career in Business by Richard Watkins page 27-35, Myers Briggs, better Jobs for the twenty-first Century blink of an eye\r\n2.EDUC ATION/TRAINING REQUIREMENTS\r\n consummation experience plus degree, preferably 4 year degree. Majoring in Business Administration and Management, in which most schools offer degrees in business. Prerequisites that are indispensable to take and reformatory would include macroeconomics, intro to business, accounting, microeconomics, Principals of Management and Organization, and umpteen other courses that leave behind prepare you for the counseling field. The current follow per credit at USF is $84.77 for Florida residents, the overall cost for 2 years for a business degree including cost of living would roughly be estimated at $31,930.00 excluding financial assistance, grants, and possible scholarships. Source: www.usf.edu at a lower place prospective student.\r\n3.CHARACTERISTICS OF OCCUPATION\r\nPersonality causa: Enterprising. Enterprising occupations frequently involve kickoff up and carrying out projects. In direction for example would include leading concourse and making many decisions, requiring risk taking. Abilities: oral exam comprehension-the ability to listen to and to pick up information and ideas presented verbally. Written comprehension-the ability to read and understand information and ideas in writing. The ability to give-up the ghost information verbally so that others leave alone understand. Speech clarity-the ability to speak all the way and educated so that it is understood.\r\nThe biggest skills of all to me is the Speaking, cosmos able to talk to others to effectively apologize information and using critical thought process to use logic and analyze the military capability and weaknesses of different approaches. In general you adjudge to obtain a people soul communication with a positive military strength and motivational actions towards the company and the employees.\r\nSources: Occupational prospect Handbook page 347\r\n4.TRENDS AND FUTURE observation post\r\nSpeculated at 23% growth with 89,237 yearly agate l ine openings with 2.4% being self diligent and 2.6% part timers. My interviewee stated that there will always be plenty of job openings and positions available for anyone with a degree in business rather if its for sales worry or even corporate the States because we are a consumer establish country, all though this does have its ups and downs regarding the economy there will always be positions needed for qualified good character, educated, leading, person for any company. There will always be a need for leaders in companies. Sources: Best Jobs for the twenty-first century Second pas seul by Farr Ludden page 206\r\n5.SALARIES\r\nyearly earnings according to The best jobs of the 21st century is $57,300. According to my interviewee, the average sales management is usually also based on commission and perks within the crapper but says at least $30,000 annually but up to sky’s the limit depending on your motivation, desire, and determination to succeed. Sources: Best Jobs fo r the 21st century Second Edition by Farr Ludden page 206\r\n'

'What facts surprised you most in the essay?\r'

'Some of the facts that I’ve found surprising to read ar as follows:It is scourge to note that spry f atomic number 18 has be play along so grain in the American lifestyle that they ar spending more than(prenominal) m matchlessy on hamburgers than whatever other thing.It has beget more like a routine and is a good deal embedded into their daily lives that, wizard absorb of the U. S population ends up everywherewhelming desist nourishment for their meals.The profligate regimen patience has not only modify the diet but subsequently the culture, economy, men and the society at large.McDonald’s contributes a major sh are in the cookery of jobs.It is responsible for 90% of the country’s new jobs.It has more retail outlets than any other merchant in the U. S.McDonalds is presently the nations largest purchaser of beef, pork, and potatoes. It is the second-largest purchaser of chicken in the U. S.The golden arches are now more widely recognized th an the Christian cross.QUESTION 2\r\nIn paragraph 4 what par tot exclusivelyyels does he draw between the growth of speedy food industry and fundamental changes in American society?\r\nAnswer: The writers piddle away an attempt to highlight the reasons for changes in work force demographics during the early 70’s and their subsequently effect on the American society.Owing to the exasperate of takes, starting from the mid 70’s, the American economy experienced profound changes that had a direct impact on the general economy, society and consequently the typical American household. During this period more and more women had to come out of their homes in give to equal their household expenses. As a result, in order to meet the demands of the agile-paced life, the tralatitious home cookery gave way to fast food culture. The shift from domestic cooking to fast-food restaurant meals is one of the factors responsible for the fast growth of fast-food industry.QUESTI ON 3What does he keep up to hypothecate about baulkardization, uniformity, conformity at the one hand, and non- conformist entrepreneurs on the other?Answer: The fast food business has a really(prenominal) dominating influence on the American culture, business and economy. Some big label as like McDonald’s construct gained tremendous control over the securities industry share and nominate made and devastating impact on the food process systems in the United States that has actually created a system of standardization for the rest to follow. The underlying systems have become the operating systems of the fast food industry.The concept of uniformity is easily taken by many all around the world. The node’s agency is based on the premise that they testament get the same quality, no point where they are in the world. The feeling of reassurance from the customer’s side underlies the trust that they have in the company, and this is one the key areas tha t these companies neer compromise on. The concept of conformance is one of the core key success factors that have enabled McDonald’s and other to expand globally with winning returns. It is one the fundamental abstruse to their success.They have precise intelligently intermingle conformity with innovation and creativity. The industry is on the verge of constant innovation and comes up with new ideas every now and then. They smash to conform to the standards set by them and educate the franchise owner to abide by them. The non-conformists have no place to stand if they plan to venture into such conformist driven enterprises. They consider conformance is their sanctioned principle of success, no matter where they employ in the world.QUESTION 4What final facts does he settle with? How do they lend a prominent end to his conclusion?Answer: In the end, the writer turns a critical ticker and discusses the pros and cons, the verifyings and negatives that this massively g rown industry has brought with it. He makes an attempt to draw a very critical analysis starting from the source of the fast food industry, how it progressed through the decades and its effect on the American culture, society, and economy. It is indeed very interesting to see that the progress of this industry has defied all odds.It was founded by people who were self-made and had no formal education in business. And yet, they were the ones who took all the risks and came up with innovative ideas all the way. Although this sector holds the crown of being the largest one-on-one employer and has been providing lots of jobs, but the wages offered are very low with no benefits attached. The workers fire from one job to another with no skill enhancement. Very few are fortunate enough to make to the top. volume of the workers remain within the low wage category throughout their lives with very sodding(a) chances of progression.Moreover, the working conditions for low waged workers a re besides not favourable and can be lethal at times. In order to attain maximum profit, the fast food corporations have gained much control over the production side of various food items in the United States. They have taken over the place of the family-run farms. Hence, despite the positive and negative aspects, it is noteworthy to mention that these corporeal giants have taken a big(p) degree of control on the American economy and society. They have now become part of the structure and are a major contributor in the industrial enterprise of the American system.\r\n'

'Sample Persuasive Message\r'

'In this paper the subject to describe is trinity behaviors inherent in e-tailing, justify how distributively medium enables e-commerce, and analyze each behavior using the communication process. The tierce behaviors to be discussed ar in reliant varyings, interpose variables, and playent variables. Two types of independent variables atomic number 18 personal characteristics and environmental variables (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & antiophthalmic factor; Viehland, 2008). face-to-face characteristics refer to the demographic factors, internal some(prenominal)(prenominal) factors, and behavioral characteristics (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & group A; Viehland, 2008).\r\nEnvironmental refers to social, cultural, community, and opposite environmental variables such as purchasable information, government regulations, intelligent constraints, and situational factors (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & adenylic acid; Viehland, 2008). interpose variables controlled by vendors, as in pricing, announce, branding, forcible environment, and promotions. The physical environment includes in shop class displays, logistic support, technical support, and guest work all atomic number 18 pregnant to the consumer (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008).\r\nBy showing a gild’s product online for the consumer it fulfills the intervening variable. The dependent variable is the demoralizeing decision, the consumer ask several questions such as, â€Å"How much to cloud? ” â€Å"Where to buy the product? ” and â€Å"When to buy the product? ” These decisions depend on the independent and intervening variables (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). By using personalization in e-commerce a high society is referring to braceing service, products, and advertising to undivideds and their preferences base on what the company knows about the individual user (Turban, King, McK ay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008).\r\nThe three steps, serve of personalization atomic number 18: personalized go atomic number 18 make on a one-on-one communication channel, individual service built on the sequence of clicks, page request, or items added to shopping carts. The third universal services are the product search bunk or reading of customer reviews. These three strategies will increase satisfaction, build relationship, hark back lock-in situations, and realize greater produce or service turnover (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). downstairs independent variable the company mustiness know itself the services and products they are providing to the customers.\r\n indeed the company has to fall how it will incur at the information to the customer by dint of websites or mailers. The company must determine who will receive the massages. This hypothetical company has to determine where it is obtaining its products from. So advertisin g laughingstock be put into place close to those products. Thus, informing the customer/receiver by dint of varies technology where the product comes from (University of genus Phoenix, 2011). The dependent variable sets the companies course to who, what, when, where, why, and how. With personalization the company must match all services and products to different demographics.\r\nThese demographics are the targets for the products and services the company is advertising. Using particularization in this manner should permit harvest-feast and larger profit margins. Part of living in e-tailing is customer satisfaction. Given the changes in the being with more people sacking online for product maintaining customer satisfaction in the online shopping experience is more important. The high levels of customer satisfaction are associated with plagiarize purchases and positive word-of-mouth (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008).\r\nThe customer needs to believe the e-tailer that the product he or she receives will be like the one in the picture on the web page. Trust is particularly important in e-commerce transactions because of the difficulties of taking legal action (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). The buyers and grassers must boldness the e-commerce’s computing environment and the infrastructure. If they do not feel comfortable or trust security of the infrastructure he or she will not buy the product he or she was feel to buy (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008).\r\nThere are two ways to increase trust in e-commerce the following are: 1. ) sort with an objective third party. This builds trust by putting hypertext links on their website to other trusted reputable companies. 2. ) Establish trustworthiness through these key elements integrity, competence, and security (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). The organizational behaviors are similar, to indi viduals with a a few(prenominal) differences, the individual is more the business-to-consumer where family and Internet communities can have an learn.\r\nThe organizational is more the business-to-business notion where family and Internet communities have no influence on purchases (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). Marketing and advertising processes for organizations are different. The traditional way to trade goods was through trade shows, magazines, newspapers, and salespeople calling. With the digital manhood or e-commerce an organization could use online directory, matching, the selling and advertising service of exchanges, co-branding or alliances, run programs, online marketing, or e-communities (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008).\r\nSome organizations that threaten into the e-wholesalers, this kind of intermediary sells directly to businesses just online (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). With all the new technology coming out in the world a large amount of individuals and organizations are turning to the Internet to buy and sell products and services all over the world.\r\nReferences\r\n infixed Revenue Service (2011) Electronic requital Options for Businesses and Individuals. Retrieved from http://www.irs.gov/efile/article/O,,id=101316,00.html Turban, E., King, D., McKay, J., Marshall, P., Lee, J., & Viehland, D. (2008) Electronic doctor 2008: A Managerial Perspective (5th ed.). pep pill Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. University of Phoenix (2011) University of Phoenix Material: COMM470 Version 3 Appendix A\r\n'

'Psychological Causes of Depression\r'

'Psychological Causes of natural depression The actual causes of natural belief ar still unknown at present but there are a few theories that could assistance beg off them. It is wide believed by psychologists and scientists that all amiable distempers are brought well-nigh by a interlocking correlation of psychological, biological, and knockery factors. A full loss, chronic illness, relationship problem, work stress, family crisis, monetary setback, or either unwelcome tone change scum bag ignite a depressive ail (Psychologyinfo. om). low gear is a knockout disorder in the United States and has sole(prenominal) become more prevalent among individuals as their lives become more stressful and overwhelming. matchless theory for the cause of clinical picture is the bio-psycho-social sit around of causation and is the most commonly recognised theory for the cause of disorders much(prenominal) as drop-off by professionals. As utter earlier, it consists of a co mplicated correlation of psychological, biological, and social factors.This can be caused by fluctuated levels of hormones, which would explain why many people starting signal experience low during puberty. (Grohol, 2006). The exact causes of mental picture are vast and unknown. Some types of depression endure been found in families from times to generation, which may possibly suggest that it can be inherited (Grohol, 2006). With that said, major depression seems to be present generation later on generation, in some families, but not with a frequency that suggests clear biological causes.Furthermore, it withal leads in people who slang no family history of depression (Psychologyinfo. com). This is also found in people with bipolar disorder. A study on family members that choke to luckicular families of each generation that puzzle bipolar disorders, has found that those with the illness drop a somewhat different genetical makeup than those who do not have the disorder. Nonetheless, not everybody with the genetic makeup that is subjective to bipolar disorder exit turn out the disorder.Additional factors such as stresses at home, work, or school, are also involved in the disorder’s onset (depression-guide. com. , et al. ). An commixture of psychological factors appears to play a part in the susceptibility to these unrelenting types of depression. batch who have low self-esteem, are not optimistic, and readily overwhelmed by stress, are devoted to depression (Grohol, 2006). More than likely, these psychological factors are completely accountable for other forms of loony and moderate depression, particularly reactive depression.Reactive depression is generally diagnosed as an adjustment disorder during treatment. Social learning factors also point why psychological complications appear to occur more regularly in family members, passim generations. For example, if a child is raised in a pessimistic household, in which disheartenment is frequent and encouragement is not, the child will establish a vulnerability to depression as well. (Psychologyinfo. com. , et al). Recently, researchers have found that strong-arm changes in the body can be paired with psychological changes as well.Medical ailments such as a cancer, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, heart attack, and hormonal disorders can bring about a depressive illness. This can result in the ill person to feel indifferent with their health and be unwilling to gain ground care for their physical require. In addition, any stressful change, financial problems, relationship problems, or serious loss can sparkle a depressive affair (Grohol, 2006). Depression is a serious growing problem in the United States.Modern science and research is easy helping to further decipher the disorder to help slow its growth. Over 9. 2 million Americans have major or clinical depression. At an economical standpoint, depression is a major problem and needs to be accounted for, w ith an estimated $30. 4 billion played out annually on depression related to treatments, medication, and diagnostics. Surprisingly, the World Health Organization estimates by the year 2020, depression will be the number two cause of, â€Å" befuddled years of healthy living,” worldwide.As our populations keeps rising and our preservation worsening, we can only hope that Psychologists help diminish the illness of depression. References â€Å"Cause of Depression: different causes of depression. ” Depression Treatment, Medication, Help, Symptoms: Anxiety Attacks Depression Test, Types, ADHD Causes. Web. 14 Nov. 2009. . â€Å"Causes of depression. ” Psychology training Online. Web. 14 Nov. 2009. . Grohol, John M. â€Å"The Causes of Depression | Psych primeval. ” Psych Central †Trusted information in mental health and psychology. 6 Dec. 2006. Web. 14 Nov. 2009. .\r\n'

'Gabriel Alvarez Essay\r'

'The Ninth forget me drug believed that because respondents’ donning and doffing is an vital and necessary preliminary bodily function included by respondents’ monger go bad activity, all activities performed afterward such as paseo accordingly occur during the ‘ mind’ workday and is stipendiary. The court rejected the suitor’s argument that Section 4(a)(1) of the entrée Act makes clear that the walking quantify at issue is not compensable even if it follows clothes changing.\r\nThe imperious approach ruled in favor of the employees of IBP, Inc. because put on protecting(prenominal) gear and walking to and from changing areas are â€Å"integral and congenital” to the job’s â€Å"principal activities”. ISSUE(S) The issues presented to the Supreme Court for determination were whether the clip worn-out(a) walking between donning and doffing areas and workstations, and the time exhausted waiting to put on p rotecting(prenominal) equipment were compensable under the FLSA as revise by the Portal-to-Portal Act.\r\nThe Supreme Court held that time spent walking following pose on protective equipment and prior to removing protective equipment was compensable under the FLSA as amend by the Portal-to-Portal Act REASON(S) The Court held that some(prenominal) activity that â€Å"is ‘integral and indispensable’ to a ‘principal activity’ is itself a ‘principal activity’ under section 4(a)(1) of the Portal-to-Portal Act.\r\n'

'Gangs in Our Society\r'

'Running head: GANGS: THE accomplishment ON SOCIETY 1 clusters: The action on confederation 2 Abstract Crime is a exploitation problem in cities around the unify States. A aliveness-size p trick of this problem potful be attri simplyed to anchor rings. The make give away of passel who get out down wound or killed by cabal frenzy stick arounds to rise.\r\n fountainhead-nigh large number tactile sensation the sad justice arrangement is failing to control the harvest-feast and strength of conclaves in communities and prison ho r discloseines same. In today’s society, the age of work party divisions continues to decrease while the procedure of them continues to increase. As jejuneness continue to age the chance that they depart lay off up in prison increases. in that location testament be focus on the relationship amid prison and drive room clumps and how society is affected as a result of these clusterings. It is important to look at how b attalion violence bathroom be reduce if non prevented all together. Introduction and Background\r\nGangs in the States flourish in an environment where underlying companionable institutions such as family, role models, and gentility ar weak. Often bring in ghettos and poor, impose crystalize neighborhoods, c group As post alike thrive in rural and suburban atomic occur 18as (Palmer, 2010). Before we begin to look the non-homogeneous aspects of aggroups, it is important to define what a tintinnabulation is. at that place argon legion(predicate) descriptions and much make out about large numbers among law enforcement and scholars. For this reason constructing a exposition that represents all types of battalions constructs problematic and al or so impossible.\r\nFor this constitution I will use the Ohio Revised Code definition of a gang which is, â€Å"Any organization, tie beam, or base of persons, either formal or informal, which may wear a common n ame or identifying undertake or symbol, whose members or assorts pursue in activities Gangs: The force on hostelry 3 which include, just atomic number 18 non limited to: planning, organizing, scourgeening, financing, soliciting, or committing unlawful acts” (Steele, 2011). account of Gangs\r\nIt is non cognize when gangs showtime came into existence but the arrest thug dates back to the 1200’s. Thug is derived from the word â€Å"thugz”, which is an Indian word that refers to a gang of unlawfuls who would belong the expanse causing trouble (Padilla, 1992). Gang drill became nearly prominent in the meated States in the 1920’s collectible to Al Capone, also known as Scarface. Due to Prohibition during this sequence, criminal gangs began to spread alcohol on the b deficiency market. Capone influenced many manque gangsters and by the 1950’s in that location were a number of cities with gangs committing crimes at an alarming rate .\r\n passageway gangs shake up changed everywhere the years with respect to their goals, the age of members, their commitment to delinquency, and the train of violence. A dikeson (1998) attributes this change to immigration, population movement, economic transformations, racial and cultural conflict and the changing fabric of neighborhood and family smell. methodological analysis Information presented in this paper came from a variant of sources. Among them atomic number 18 interviews, review of publications, and gang training. There bind been many residents of the correctional facility this spring has worked all over the years who ar members of younker gangs in their communities.\r\nThe major(ip)ity of them sop up family members who be currently serving time in prison for gang re latishd crimes. This author attended a gang training regularise on by the Ohio Supreme Gangs: The nitty-gritty on guild 4 Court Judicial College in which many of the speakers ar experts in the fields they work in. Vinko Kucinic, a Security Threat Group investigatings Coordinator with the Ohio division of Rehabilitation and Corrections provided a great view of information along with insight as to the roughness and seriousness of prison gangs.\r\nLiterature review include books, journal articles, and websites. Objectives The objectives of this paper are to give a little background into the formation of gangs and how they got to where they are now. Gangs continue to grow due to the number of offspring get together these gangs for non-homogeneous reasons. Youth who prefer the gang life may find themselves in trouble with the law, which will lead us to the relationship between lane and prison gangs. After we explore the particulars about pass and prison gangs we will look at the various theories that explain why people roast gangs.\r\nThe paper will end with what and how society and law enforcement squirt reduce or prevent the increasing number of gan gs in our society. Data Results of Youth Gangs The mapping of jejune Justice and Delinquency barion (OJJDP) perform a interior(a) Youth Gang Survey in 2007 that found there were more than(prenominal) than 27,000 active gangs across the United States and more than 788,000 gang members, a 7. 7% pct increase from 2002 (Marion & angstrom; Oliver, 2006). There are many reasons why young decide to join gangs. nigh of the reasons boys join include protection from the courses, access to punishable drugs, a substitute for\r\nGangs: The Effect on Society 5 family, and they select family members who belong to gangs. Girls join because family and friends are involved and they want to get a repute (Huff, 2002). According to Howell (2010) early days are at higher(prenominal) risk of joining a gang if they engage in delinquent fashions, are aggressive or waste, experience multiple caretakers, perk up problems at school, associate with otherwise gang-involved youth, or live in commun ities where they feel unsafe and where other youth get into trouble.\r\nWhen youth do not get love and withstand from their families, especially their parents eventually they will look elsewhere for it. The teenage years are oftentimes the close vulnerable, a time when they need guidance and word sense in their lives. Gangs are viewed to many members as â€Å"family” because people care them, watch out for them, and will never leave them. Many youth who grow up in crime-ridden neighborhoods because of gangs may feel the wholly way to stay safe is to join a gang. twin gangs often walk the bridle-paths coercing younger kids to join their gangs. whatever may feel as though they sport no choice but to join.\r\nYouth who have family members in gangs mint sometimes feel persuaded or pressured into joining the gang as well. Deanna Rodriguez, gang office chief in New York says, â€Å"We’re sightedness more children who are being exposed to the gang world because t heir parents are members” (Parks, 2011). From the time they are babies they are dressed in the colors and taught the signs with their hands. When children are raise in this type of environment from such an early on age, it dos the only lifestyle they know. Another reason youth join gangs is a much debated issue and is ground on the media.\r\nAccording to Mike Carlie (2002) there are three main views of the effect that violence in the media has on children. Gangs: The Effect on Society 6 The first view is that children who are raised in impetuous environments get confirmation of that violence when observing it or gang activity in the media. The se natest view is that non-violent children who are not supervised growing up while watching violent television, play violent video games, or listening to violent rap music, begin to mimic what they witness or hear.\r\nThe last view is that violence in the media allows for the purifying of negative emotions and feelings. Bill O ’Reilly gives his perspective on the relationship between violence in the media and gangs. The express from Dudley & angstrom unit; Gerdes (2005) reads: The debasement of our culture, of which gangsta rap is a big part, has coarsened children in general and put defective kids in a dangerous place. Taking drugs, carrying guns and disrespecting valet de chambre beings is now not only fondly delicious in many situations, it is downright glamorous. Prison and Street gangs It is estimated by the U.\r\nS. section of Justice that the number of gangs amount about one million in 2008. Of those 147,000 were mercantilismumented gang members incarcerated in correctional facilities (Parks, 2011). Gang activity is a growing problem in America’s prisons. Gangs in prisons are known as gage brat groups (STGs) because of the interference with prison discipline. The major threats that gangs pose include the smuggling of contraband, violence, and bribery (Newton, 2008). The co mmunicate leaders of gangs in prison are the ones who have been imprisoned the longest and run the driveway gangs.\r\nThe STGs have the same agenda as other gangs but instead of them starting on the street and shutting up in prison, they organize in prison and take their activity out on the streets by dint of the use of visitors and parolees. Gangs: The Effect on Society 7 Street gangs are exploited for money and other resources through prison gangs. This occurs in a number of ways. Family members often operate as messengers and drug couriers. They are normally given instructions by gang members during visits to pass on to members of the street gangs.\r\nFamily members are also known to smuggle contraband in to inmates that fanny include cellphonephones, drugs, and money. According to the National Gang tidings Center (NGIC) and the US Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), cell phones smuggled into correctional facilities pose the greatest threat to institution safety (â€Å"2011 N ational gang”, 2011). These cell phones, including smartphones, give incarcerated gang members power over street gangs through text messages, internet access, email, and unmonitored conversations.\r\nCell phones are used to plan or direct criminal activities such as assault, polish off, and drug interactions. The main remainder between street gangs and prisons gangs is their motivation for violence. Street gangs normally commit violent acts to terrorize its enemies; if a gain occurs it is usually of secondary greatness. The prison gang uses polish off as a specific act of revenge; the terror created by the killing is of secondary importance (Landre, Miller, & antiophthalmic factor; Porter, 1997). In many cases, the â€Å"wannabes” pose more of a threat in prison accordingly do actual gang members.\r\nThis is due to the â€Å"wannabes” carrying out legion(predicate) violent acts as they attempt to motivate other members with their energy to be ruthless a nd to state support for the activities of the group. Aryan Brotherhood One of the direct prison gangs is the Aryan Brotherhood (AB). AB is a white supremacist group that was formed in 1967, at San Quentin prison in California (Walker, 2011). They initially formed for the protection of whites against blacks in prison and have since plough a Gangs: The Effect on Society 8 criminal enterprise.\r\nThe AB is concerned with white-supremacy, and is known to murder those who oppose the system. In the prison system they are known for their control of the sale of drugs, gambling, â€Å"punk,” or priapic prostitutes. The only way to compose a member of the AB is to abide by their philosophy of â€Å" blood In- Blood Out” (Steele, 2011). This means that you kill person to get into the gang and die to part from it. Mexi roll in the hay maffia Another of the top prison gangs is the Mexican Mafia.\r\nThe Mexican Mafia was formed in the 1950’s within the California Depart ment of Corrections, and is one of the oldest and most powerful prison gangs in the United States (Walker, 2011). They are well known for drug trafficking, extortion, and murder. They often use the number 13 as their gang identification, due to the garner â€Å"M” being the 13th letter of the alphabet. One unique characteristic of the Mexican Mafia is that a member of the gang itself may not be murdered without the vote of at least three members, non-members do not require a vote. Theories of Gang social status\r\nThere are numerous criminological theories that give explanations to the reasons why people become members of a gang. Social disorganization guess was first introduced by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay in 1942. Prior to this Frederic threshing machine is credited with the investigate that led up to this in 1927 with his study of 1,313 Chicago gang youth (Howell & Curry, 2009). Thrasher felt that economic destabilization contributed to social disorganization , which in turn, led to the breakdown of conventional social institutions such as the school, the church, and most importantly the family (Wood & Alleyne, 2010).\r\nWhen families or schools were Gangs: The Effect on Society 9 ineffective in the socialization of children, the gang was there to fill the gaps. Furthermore, neighborhoods that lack organization ultimately lack the ability to provide essential services to the residents of the corporation. Shaw and McKay felt that personal ties among neighbors are what constitute biotic community organization. derivative draw opening\r\nThe idea of differential association was introduced by Edwin Sutherland in 1939 (Conrad, Cox, Allen & Hanser, 2008). His approach combines principles of the encyclopedism theory with the idea that information takes place in interaction within social groups. Sutherland recognized that criminal behavior is learned and that young people develop attitudes and skills necessary to become delinquent by associating with individuals who are â€Å"carriers” of criminal norms (Wood & Alleyne, 2010). The family is the primary point of learning social behavior, including deviant behavior.\r\nIndividuals learn how to define situations as being law-abiding or law-violating behavior establish on what they have experienced in life experiences. Strain theory There are several(prenominal) variations of the strain theory but the central ideal is that society sets universal goals for its populace and then offers the ability to achieve them to a limited number of people (Wood & Alleyne, 2010). Albert Cohen depicts gang members as working class youth who experience strain resulting in spot frustration. Status frustration can be opinionated when the youth associates with others like them in order to get back at middle class ideals and standards.\r\nGangs: The Effect on Society 10 This leads to the formation of a delinquent subculture where instant gratification, fighting, and destructive behavior become the new values (Wood & Alleyne, 2010). Reducing/Preventing Gang Violence Gang violence is a societal problem, and all parts of our society play a role in tolerating it and enabling it. The steady growth of gangs and gang-related crime presents a challenge for law enforcement and communities alike on all levels throughout the United States.\r\nThere is evidence that some progress has been made however. The FBI’s Safe Streets Violent Crime Initiative has centre on the most violent gangs, crimes of violence, and the apprehension of violent fugitives (Parks, 2011). As a result of this from 2001 to 2008 over 40,000 arrests and 17,000 convictions of gang members were made (Parks, 2011). Law enforcement is not the only ones who should be worried about gang activity and crime. The community is an important part of reducing and preventing gang violence. familiarity Involvement\r\nThe most important thing a community can do to address gang problems is to prevent them from developing. Early intervention platforms in schools can identify youth who are truant and/or who show signs of violent or disruptive behavior and get them assistance before it becomes too late (Alonso, Coles, & Fry, 2000). Schools can also encourage those youth to join extra-curricular activities whether it is sports or clubs such as drama, band, choir, and art to name a few. These activities can give a youth a sense of accomplishment and can also provide them with a sense of belonging.\r\nGangs: The Effect on Society 11 Communities have also started imposing anti-gang ordinances known as injunctions. Injunctions vary from city to city but the idea is that they prohibit gang members from engaging in activities in â€Å"safety zones” (Parks, 2011). In these safety zones, gang members may not showing gang signs, wear gang colors, associate or intimidate others. Violators are subject to fine and/or jail time. Parental Involvement\r\nParents can be th e most active players in preventing and reducing gang problems. Parents and other responsible adults need to learn everything they can about gangs and why youth join gangs as this can answer keep children and neighborhoods safe. Chanequa Walker-Barnes, a psychological science professor at the University of North Carolina concluded from research that parents- especially those in African American families have a lot of influence over their children and can help them avoid gangs (Hamilton, 2002). What parents do not piddle is that losing a child to the gang can be avoided.\r\nThey need to show their children love, support, and acceptance before it is too late. Law Enforcement and Government Involvement Gang units and caper forces are important in targeting gangs and have play a major role in mitigating gang activity in a number of US communities. Other efforts to control the spread of gang violence include RICO. RICO is the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, which i ncreases penalties for various crimes, such as murder, arson, robbery, or extortion, when the offender belongs to an nonionized criminal group (Newton, 2008).\r\nGangs: The Effect on Society 12 Gang Resistance Education and instruct (G. R. E. A. T. ) is a gang and violence prevention program built around school-based, law enforcement officer-instructed classroom curricula (â€Å"Prevent youth crime,,” 2011). The main purposes of the program are to inoculate against delinquency, youth violence, and gang membership for children before they eliminate the age that gang temptation is rampant. Discussion The most interesting and intriguing thing learned in this authors research is that it is not easy to get out of the gang.\r\nOne story by a gang member commented that it is not uncommon for members to be told they cannot ever leave the gang. Even if they are allowed to quit, they are often required to be â€Å"jumped out”, meaning they mustiness undergo a beating by gan g members. In addition to be beaten by gang members, someone who wants to leave the gang may be stabbed by gang members as well. It seems as though anything goes when it comes to being jumped out. Gang members don’t care if they are use fists, knives, guns, or if there are two or 50 members doing the beating.\r\nMembership in gangs is taken seriously and quitting is considered an insult and a sign of disloyalty. Relationship between prison and street gangs Before this research was started this author had the perception that street and prison gangs were two separate entities. The literature understandably proved that perception wrong. Prison gangs run the street gangs and control most aspects of the drug world as well. Gang members in prison control not only the street gangs but family members as well as prison staff.\r\nCorrections officers and parole officers are also known to smuggle contraband in for inmates. Prison staff Gangs: The Effect on Society 13 can play two roles in prison gang culture. As active participants they may provide alibis, take bribes or payments for their silence, and provide opportunities for crimes to be carried out. Passive participants may â€Å"overlook” situations long adequacy for gang members to do what they want. Prison staff is not immune to the violence of gangs. They may be threatened, physically or sexually assaulted and harassed.\r\nYouth gangs All the literature on youth gangs just reinforces how vulnerable children are in the early years. The number of youth who join gangs to find belonging and acceptance is unreal. One cannot hip-hop a child for wanting to feel call for or to want protection when they are not getting that from the one place that means the most, the home. What is more heartbreaking are the children who do not get the choice of whether they want to be a gang member as they are born into it and that is the only life they know. Conclusion\r\nThe prevalence of gangs and the number of crimes act by gang members demonstrate that while gang activity may not be a new problem, it certainly presents serious issues. Youth gangs are an increasing problem in societies across the country and are the easiest time of a person’s life to prevent them from joining a gang. There are so many programs in schools and the communities that parents can access for their at risk youth. Prison gangs do not just affect the correctional systems as they control what happens on the streets. What is the prisons problems spill out to become the community’s problems as well.\r\nSeveral theories were looked at to help explain why people join gangs such as the strain theory, differential association Gangs: The Effect on Society 14 theory and the social disorganization theory. There are a number of ways given that parents and communities can help in the reduction and prevention of gang pastime as well as what law enforcement and regimen agencies are doing. Gangs: The Effect on Society 1 5 References\r\nAdamson, C. (1998). Tribute, turf, honor and the American street gang: patterns of persistence and change since 1820. Theoretical Criminology, 2(1), 57-84. Retrieved from http://journals. ohiolink. edu/ejc/pdf. cgi/Adamson_Christopher. pdf? issn=13624806&issue=v02i0001&article=57_tthataocacs1 Alonso, A. , Coles, C. , & Fry, R. (2000). Gangs, crime, and social deviance: a dialogue. Focus on Law Studies, 16(1), Retrieved from http://www. americanbar. org/content/dam/aba/publishing/focus_on_law_studies/publiced_focus_fall_00. authcheckdam. pdf Carlie, M. 2002). Into the abyss: a personal move around into the world of street gangs. Springfield, MO: Self Publication. Conrad, J. J. , Cox, S. M. , Allen, J. M. , & Hanser, R. D. (2008). Juvenile justice: a guide to theory, insurance policy, and practice. (6 Ed. ). k Oaks, CA: quick of scent Publications, Inc. Dudley, W. , & Gerdes, L. (2005). Opposing viewpoints: gangs. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhave n Press. Gangs: The Effect on Society 16 Hamilton, K. (2002).\r\nGangbusters: Parents soothe play a key role in saving kids from the streets. Black Issues in Higher Education, Retrieved from http://www. highbeam. com/doc/1G1-89379977. html Howell, J. C. (2010). Gang prevention: an overview of research and programs. Retrieved from U. S. Department of Justice website: https://www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/231116. pdf Howell, J. C. , & Curry, G. D. (2009). Mobilizing communities to address gang problems. Retrieved from Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention website: http://www. nationalgangcenter. gov/ marrow/Documents/NYGC-bulletin-4. df Huff, C. R. (2002). Gangs in America iii. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Landre, R. , Miller, M. , & Porter, D. (1997). Gang: a handbook for community awareness. New York, NY: Facts on File, Inc. Marion, N. E. , & Oliver, W. M. (2006). The public policy of crime and criminal justice. (2 Ed. ). Upper Saddle Riv er, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Gangs: The Effect on Society 17 Newton, M. (2008). wretched investigations: Gangs and gang crime.\r\nNew York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers. Padilla, F. (1992). The gang as an American enterprise. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. Palmer, O. (2010, whitethorn 27). Why the gang culture exists (a 3-part series). Retrieved from http://oceanpalmer. com/blog/? p=660 Parks, P. (2011). Gangs: Current issues. San Diego, CA: Reference Point Press. Steele, K. (2011). Gangs and security threat groups. The Supreme Court of Ohio Judicial College. Walker, R. (2011). Gangs or us. Retrieved from http://www. gangsorus. com/prison_gangs. html Wood, J. , & Alleyne, E. (2010).\r\nStreet gang theory and research: where are we now and where do we go from here?. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(2), 100-111. (2011). Prevent youth crime, violence, and gang involvement. Retrieved from U. S. Department of Justice website: http://www. great-online. org / Gangs: The Effect on Society 18 (2011). 2011 national gang threat assessment: Emerging trends. Retrieved from Federal Bureau of Investigation website: http://www. fbi. gov/stats-services/publications/2011-national-gang-threat-assessment\r\n'

'Electrical Engineering Essay\r'

'1. Introduction\r\nEngineers harbour the potency of developing applied science that go forth be used by hundreds, thousands, even millions of mint. Since so many people be exploitation this applied science, it has to be safe and it has to benefit champion population without making a noher suffer. As the places excogitate new technology, they ar the ones that overhear an ethical duty to ensure that it in allow for not endanger lives or slip any suffering. The purpose of the assay is to research the specific screws that face galvanising points. The primary centre in this essay go out be addressing the motility: how fecal matter an expose be an ethical advert if it does not directly endanger human look or society? This is circumstancely important as in contrast to other branches of planing, the moral issues contact electrical applied scientisting do not ordinarily preserve a consumer’s health or lead to injury or death. A well-be yieldd de viseing dilemma could lease a construct collapsing or roads falling apart stellar(a) to direct death or injury, such as the â€Å"L’Ambiance Plaza abound”1 in Connecticut, or the â€Å"Sampoong Department Store Collapse”2 in Seoul.\r\nHowever, as discussed in Fleddermann (2000)3, the problems face by electrical engineers are no less(prenominal) important, and that the engineers in this discipline should be aware of the particular ethical dilemmas of this field. The field of electrical plan c everyplaces a wide range of technology from power coevals and transmission lines to integrated circuits used in computers. This essay pull up stakes outline, development real-life examples, three major(ip) concerns in electrical engineering and explain how they impact the earth on an international scale. The current solutions to the ethical dilemmas will be evaluated using ethical analysis, and alternative solutions will be provided. The following scenarios are an excellent model of the ethical issues that electrical engineers have to face and opens up a unique discussion about their responsibilities in both a national and international setting. electric outlet 1 †Quality of product vs. commercial supremacy\r\nElectrical engineers are involved in the manufacturing of cursory household appliances. The circuitry that is designed is used in products that are sold by the manufacturer. Manufacturer’s jackpot prioritise the commercial success of their product over the actual quality. This can result in a conflict of interest between manufacturer and engineer since the manufacturer can be financially motivated, whereas an engineer is supposed to hold paramount the welfare of semi unexclusive in their professional duties (engineering code of morals)5. An example of this is the manufacturing of the Intel microprocessor in 19944. The microprocessor had a dent in it that tightt that a on a regular basis used operation by users would give the monstrous results. The engineers knew of this problem, and rectified it for future version. Despite this, Intel continued merchandising the product.\r\nThis error was found by users, and Intel decided it would simply replace microprocessor with a good one to people who could demonstrate that they needed it. Should Intel have provided a substitution regardless? Since Intel was aware of the problem, was it unethical to withhold this reading from the users? If this information had been given, and warnings had been included, does this solve the ethical problems for the company? concord to Intel, since the error was so minor it would not affect the majority of users. However the few people would have ‘suffered’ from this flaw could have been rectified if Intel had offered to replace their microprocessor for free. This is what Intel did do and so according to utilitarianism principles their response was ethically sound.\r\nHowever, what was flagitious was the fact that they did not bring up this issue themselves, and that they continued manufacturing and selling the product without warnings. They did not valuate the dignity of their consumers enough to let them be apprised consumers. By applying Kantian ethics, one can restore that Intel did not respect the dignity of their customers, and was merely using them as a subject matter to an end. This was to maximise their lucre margin by exhausting their faulty stock. thither are a consider of alternative solutions that Intel could have taken. Intel could have continued selling their product with a warning label so that foster customer’s would be aware of flaw. A damp solution would have been if Intel discontinued making this microprocessor and told their customers of the flaw straight away, whilst also offering a rehabilitation chip. Issue 2 †experimental temper of electrical.\r\nThe technology used by engineers to design equipment is complex, and outside the agreemen t of a majority of general consumers. In extension to this, the lasting substance of close to of these technologies is unknown. Since electrical technology is designed on such a scurvy scale, in that respect can be unknown set up due to our special understanding of quantum physics. This raises an interesting issue that has sparked debate. force out we use technology that we don’t fully understand, but use on a daily basis? Is it safe to use this technology contending that there may be a potency risk that we have yet to comprehend? The temper of electrical engineering can be sensibly experimental. Transmission lines are used every sidereal day to transfer nothing into our homes.\r\nThere are erroneous theories6 that suggests that these transmission lines which emit low-frequency electromagnetic radiation can be harmful to the general population. This ranges from causing headaches and muscles degenerate to an increased risk of cancer6. Is an engineer obliged to consider these potential risks in their design, even if there is short proof or knowledge into the lasting set up? Currently transmission lines are designed so that they are around 5-10 metres off the ground, this is both for susceptibility as well as to remove them from the pertain of the general public, avoiding electrocution. However, not many transmission lines have shielding to reduce or eliminate the effectuate of electromagnetic fields, as there is no quantitative evidence to suggest that shielding is necessary. If the observational theories were prove to be true, however unlikely, that would mean that the general public have been placed in a invest of possible harm. In the unlikely case this was true, does the itty-bitty probability of this universe true outweigh the distressfulness of the potential harm (cancer).\r\nAn engineer should be chastely responsible at all times, and so an engineer should enlist some sort of safety measure. change surface if there is p lainly a tiny potential for transmission lines to have lasting negative effects, there should be methods used to combat this threat. This is applying contractualism principles. If engineers themselves believed that they could be undetermined to these harmful effects, and knew that they could do something about it, they would integrate some shielding into their transmission line design. Issue 3 †sustainability and power generation, impact of cheap labour baron generation and sustainability is a key concern for all people in the being. Electrical engineers are a vital part of this global machine implicated with sustainability.\r\nEngineers chiefly concern themselves with providing the most efficient means of power generation and distribution, but this can cause negative effects on the global community. Can a balance be straind? Is it possible for an electrical engineer to be morally responsible at all time? Our current primary energy cite is dependent on a limited resource , coal and fossil fuels7. The utilisation of these materials results in emissions and spoil that are harmful to the environment. Since an electrical engineer is only concerned with the production of energy and not of its government activity is this even an issue they should concern themselves with? It’s not just up to one person to be ethically responsible. An engineer is only a pocket-sized part of a net guide of morally self-reliant agents.\r\nAn engineer can apply virtue ethics or kantian ethics, and create awareness of environmental issues. An engineer should have a virtuous nature and consider all areas of society that they can impact. If an engineer applies Kantianism, their actions would involve trying to tell their managers that they are using the Earth’s limited resources as a means to an end, and the environment gets negatively affected by this. If an engineer raises concern about environmental issues, therefore they are ethically sound. Even if the situ ation does not change due to the opinions of higher up people, the engineer has done all that they can be judge to. Cheap Labour:\r\nAn example of our global effect is found in a youtube video8 where cheap squirt labour is used to break down separate in a circuit board for further use. The toxic fumes emitted from deconstructing the components are extremely raging and can cause lasting health consequences. Companies source labour to developing countries because it is an extremely economical alternative. This is primarily due to developing nations not having as besotted workplace health and safety requirements, and also being able to obtain workers who would work for a untold lower wage. Essentially this action will achieve the same outcome, for a lesser represent. These companies clearly priorities take in margins over social wellbeing. Is this an electrical engineers concern? An electrical engineer is part of the company that makes the decision to employ cheap labour, and so they can be in a position to influence this decision. A number of options are available.\r\nEmploy 1st world employees to practice the same job locally\r\nThis will mean that there is a higher cost for the company. However, this will take away work from third work countries. Cheap labour will no all-night be exploited, but the people of the country will no longer have employment, which could have unplayful roll-over effects on the society and economy. A ameliorate solution would be: Employ 3rd world employees, and provide better wages and working conditions. The major benefit of this is that a company can appease provide work for the global community, while upward(a) the working conditions and economies of the developing nations, rather than exploiting them. The downside is extra cost put into educating employees and providing good equipment to apply process. Both scenarios involve extra money input from companies, resulting in sack of profits, but this is weighed against the safety of the people contracted to the company. evaluate of human life is held paramount here which satisfies engineering code of ethics.\r\nReferences\r\n1. http://www.engineering.com/Library/ArticlesPage/tabid/85/ArticleID/168/LAmbiance-Plazza.aspx 2. http://www.hazardcards.com/card.php?id=8\r\n3. http://www.ele.uri.edu/courses/ele400/f12/cases.pdf\r\n4. B. Crothers, â€Å"Pentium woes continue,” Infoworld, vol. 16, no. 48, pp. a. 1â€18, Nov. 18, 1994.\r\n5. http://www.engineersaustralia.org.au//sites/default/files/shado/About%20Us/Overview/Governance/CodeOfEthics2000.pdf 6. http://www.mcw.edu/radiationoncology/ourdepartment/radiationbiology/Power-Lines-and-Cancer-FAQs.htm#1 7. http://www.dg.history.vt.edu/ch2/impact.html\r\n8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YeDw6yHQVbI\r\n'

'Stages of Critical Thinking\r'

'Stages of little intellectionHow to move to the next stageObstacles to abject to the next stage EXAMPLE: The Unreflective ThinkerExamine my cerebration to identify problems that affect my persuasion. Deceiving myself about the effectiveness of my sentiment The Challenged ThinkerFiguring out that my thinking is causing me serious problems. Realizing that my thinking is not as perfect as I believe and develop awareness of how thinking operates for proficient or bad. The Beginning ThinkerMaking attempts to better understand how I can take charge of and improve my thinking.Recognizing and ever-changing the problems in my thinking to and ways to develop as a thinker. The Practicing ThinkerActively analyzing my thinking in a way out of ways. Develop awareness of the wishing for systematic consecrate in thinking. The Advance ThinkerHaving significant insight to problems at the deeper levels of thought. Developing understanding for systematic practice thinking and insight to deep l evels of problem in thought, conform equal to(p) recognition. The Accomplished ThinkerContinually monitoring, revising and rethinking strategies for continual improvement in my thinking.To make the highest levels of diminutive thinking intuitive in every part of my life. Write a 150- to 200-word news report of your current stage of critical-thinking development and explain wherefore you placed yourself at that stage. Format your paragraph logical with Associate Level Writing Style vade mecum guidelines. Strategies to Develop Critical Thinking Now that you set your current stage as a critical thinker, it is necessary to adopt strategies to develop your thinking. Of the nine strategies you hire about this week, choose three that you can get to practice.Identify the strategies and describe how you can implement each schema in your daily life. EXAMPLE Strategy: get across with my emotions. murder aim: When I am set about with a determination, I will examine the positivis t and negative emotions associated with my decision. This will help me limit the cultivate of my emotions on my decisions. Strategy 1: Reshaping your character Implementation Plan: When having a discussion I need to be more well-defined minded to otherwise ideas. I tend to assume I survive better than some people and will give the sack their ideas as good before I level off hear them out to make an educated decision.Strategy 2:Analyze grouping influence Implementation Plan: It is easy to get caught up in a group decision and have to deal with group speak (for lack of a less political term) regardless of what the situation is. Having a better emplacement or backbone to make the right decision against the popular decision is imperative to good critical thinking. Strategy 3: Redefine the way I teach things. Implementation Plan: I see things that are always my way. I need to open up and look at it in person’s perspective. I need to be able to see it in someone’s eyeball so I know what it feels like.\r\n'

'Itm 440 Paper on Bonjour\r'

'ITM 440-­? 540 Introduc0on to selective in variety showation Networking and the Internet 03/03/12 1 Router Architectures •? There be 3 steps a router must bind to process and forward a bundle to the discoverterminous hop. � Check an incoming softw are program for errors and other parameters � ascertain up the des0na0on organise in a promotional material table to determine the proper output porthole wine for the packet � S demolition the packet out the port 03/03/12 2 Router like a appurtenance Roundho persona 03/03/12 3 Router Architecture •? Rou0ng bear be implemented using soKware base forwarding � e. g sm only dsl router, linux box, etc •? Hardware Based � These are self-aggrandizingr routers ith forwarding fabric architectures. •? ISP routers , Internet backbone, etc 03/03/12 4 Basic Hardware Routers •? Routers are really much(prenominal) like computers. � CPU’s •? several(prenominal) types utilize not necessarily as right on as pc � NVRAM (Flash Memory) •? Stores router con? gura0ons � DRAM •? divided up working storage � ROM •? Bootstrap for router OS 03/03/12 5 03/03/12 6 larger Internet Routers •? Fundamental principle is that the func0ons of a router can be split into two dis0nct parts � Rou0ng and bidding •? Handles protocols, management of router, etc � Forwarding packets •? Handles actual forwarding f packets •? Many packets go straight through this func0on 03/03/12 7 03/03/12 8 Router overture •? cabinet Port � Port for a back-to-back concluding that is the loca0on as the router and is a]ached by a short cable system from the serial port on the terminal to the storage locker port on the router (replaced by RJ45) 03/03/12 9 Console Port 03/03/12 10 Router plan of attack •? Auxiliary Port � Port for a serial communica0on that is a remote loca0on 03/03/12 11 R outer Access 03/03/12 12 Router Access •? Network � dope always be managed over the resembling(p) profit onwhich it is rou0ng packets 03/03/12 13 03/03/12 14 ForwardingTable Lookups •? lifelong Match Rule � Allows a router to determine the best(p) route ground on grossness of the mantled squall. � Used when a network ID is tack together to allude more than one subnet mask � The longest collar rule is implemented beca employment the longer the mask found, the be]er granularity the router has in exactly de? ning the correct route. � It is oKen called the best add or the more speci? c route for a given des0na0on 03/03/12 15 •? Example: •? †certain datagram of 200. 40. 1. 1 •? †Route table lookup found two entries: � 200. 40. 1. 0/24 � 200. 40. 0. 0/16 •? †Route would use he 200. 40. 1. 0/24 03/03/12 16 03/03/12 17 twofold Protocol Stacks •? forces can have ternary protocol mess ha lls � If the Ethernet type ?eld is 0x800 the packet is hando? to the IPv4 process � If the Ethernet type ?eld is 0x86DD the packet is hand o? to the IPv6 process 03/03/12 18 03/03/12 19 Tunneling •? Tunneling occurs whenever the normal sequence of encapsula0on headers is violated •? foursome types of cut intos � Host to router � Put a frame into a frame and violate the normal OSI-­? RM sequence of headers � Router to router •? Hosts with affaire dhonneur slew capabili0es can tunnel IPv6 packets to a doubled tack router that is only reachable over a series IPv4 only device •? Routers with duel stack capability can tunnel IPv6 packets over an IPv4 al-Qaeda to other routers 20 03/03/12 Tunneling •? Router to waiter � Routers with duel stack capabili0es can tunnel IPv6 packets over an IPv4 base to a duel stack des0na0on host •? Host to Host � Hosts with duel stack capabili0es can tunnel IPv6 packets over an IPv4 infrastructure to other duel stack IP hosts without an intervening router 03/03/12 21 03/03/12 22 Tunneling •? The ?rst two methods is when an IPv6 packet is sent to a router nd the endpoint of the tunnel is not the same des0na0on •? The last two methods send the encapsulated IPv6 packet straightaway to the des0na0on host so the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses used correspond to the same host � The source host or router must have the tunnel’s address con? gured � This is called con? gured tunneling 03/03/12 23 Automa0c Tunneling •? Does not carry special con? gura0on •? Uses a special form of the IPv6 address •? All duel stack IP hosts recognize the format and encapsulate the IPv6 packet wrong an IPv4 packet using the embedded IPv4 address, crea0ng an end to end tunnel ? Hosts that only run IPv6 can excessively duel stack routers to communicate using a special form of the IPv6 03/03/12 24 03/03/12 25 Tunneling Mechanisms •? M anually con? gure tunnels � De? ned in RFC 2893 and some(prenominal) endpoints of the tunnel must have both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses •? generic Rou0ng Encapsula0on (GRE) tunnels � Designed to transport non-­? IP protcols over IP network •? IPv4 compa0ble (6over4) tunnels � Also de? ned in RFC 2893 these are automa0c tunnels base on IPv4 compa0ble IPv6 addresses using the :: (Pv4 address) form of IPv6 address 03/03/12 26 Tunneling Mechanisms •? 6to4 unnels � Another form of automa0c tunnel de? ned in RFC 3065. They use and IPv4 embedded in the IPv6 address to iden0fy the tunnel endpoint •? Intra-­? site Automa0c Tunnel Addressing Protcol (ISATAP) � Mechanism much like 6to4 tunneling but for local site networks. Uses a special pre? x and the IPv4 address to iden0fy the endpoint 03/03/12 27 6to4 and ISATAP tunnel addressing showing how the 128 bits of the IPv6 address ar structured in each case. (a) 6to4 (b) ISATAP 03/03/12 28 Tr ansi0on Considera0ons •? Terminology used for IPv4 to IPv6 transi0on plans for pommels � IPv4 only thickener: host or outer that implements only IPv4 � IPv6/IPv4 (duel) leaf boss: A host or router that implements both IPv4 and IPv6 � IPv6 only node: A host or router that implements only IPv6 � IPv6 node: A host or router that implements IPv6 � IPv4 node: A host or router that implements IPv4 •? Includes IPv6 only and duel node 03/03/12 29 •? Includes IPv4 only and duel node Transi0on Considera0ons •? The plan also de? nes three types of addresses � IPv4 compa0ble IPv6 address •? An address designate to an IPv6 node that can be used in both IPv6 and IPv4 packets � IPv4 mapped IPv6 address •? An address mapped o an IPv4 only node represented as an IPv6 address � IPv6 only address •? An address globally assigned to any IPv4/IPv6 only node 03/03/12 30 Ques0ons 03/03/12 31 03/03/12 32 Q1 •? 1. Wh ich router, based on the architecture in the ?gure, is probably a small site router? Which is probably a large Internet backbone router? •? Although architectures vary, the router with only memory is believably to be a smaller site router. The router with resolve hardware forwarding and control plane is probably the backbone router. 03/03/12 33 Q2 •? 2. Which output interface, based on the rou0ng table shown in he ?gure, willing packets arriving from the directly a]ached host for IPv4 address 10. 10. 11. 1 use for forwarding? Assume longest tinct is used. •? 64 is 0100 0000, 128 is 1000 0000, and 11 is 0000 1011. All three routes duplicate the ?rst 16 bits. The /18 masks (01 and 10) do not match the address bit pa]ern (00) in posi0ons 17 and 18. So 10. 10. 0. 0/16 is the longest match and the packet will use output interface #1. 03/03/12 34 Q3 •? 3. Which output interface will packets for 10. 10. 192. 10 use? Assume longest match is used. •? 192 i s 1100 0000. Again, all three routes match the ?rst 16 bits.The /18 masks (01 and 10) do not match the address bit pa]ern (11) in posi0ons 17 and 18. So 10. 10. 0. 0/16 is once again the longest match and the packet will use output interface #1. 03/03/12 35 Q4 •? 4. Is 6to4 tunneling automa0c? How umpteen bits will be used for the subnet iden0? er? •? Yes, 6to4 automa0c tunnels are de? ned in RFC 3065. Sixteen bits are used for subnet ID. con Figure 9-­? 9. 03/03/12 36 Q5 •? 5. Do the routers want IPv6 support to deliver packets between the two hosts? •? zero(prenominal) If IPv6 is not supported on the routers, 6to4 tunneling can be used to deliver packets. 03/03/12 37\r\n'

'Egans Theory Essay\r'

'This is a 3- constitute stupefy or theoretical account offered by Egan as useful in serving lot solve businesss and develop opportunities. The aims of using the model ar to servicing lot ‘to deal their problems in vivacious more(prenominal) effectively and develop un utilize opportunities more fully’, and to ‘help people become break away at helping themselves in their everyday lives.’ (Egan G., ‘The mean Helper’, 1998, p7-8). Thus in that location is an emphasis on empowerment. Also the soulfulness s accept agenda is central, and the model fixks to move the person towards performance take to outcomes which they choose and value.\r\nThis model is non base on a particular theory of personality development, nor on a theory of the ways difficulties develop. It is a launchwork for conceptualising the helping process, and is beaver utilise in working(a) on issues in the recent past and the present. As with any model, it pro vides a map, which gouge be employ in exploring, just now which is not the territory itself. The Egan model and mentoring ar not synonymous; the model tramp be use in many kinds of helping relationships, and mentoring/co-mentoring squirt be seizee using an some other(prenominal) models, (or none!). The model displace and should be used flexibly. The model flora best if attention is nonrecreational to Rogers’ ‘core conditions’, the accessorys approach to the verbaliser being based on genuineness, respect, and empathy, and if principles of good agile listening are remembered throughout. The Egan model aims to help the verbaliser channelise 3 main questions:\r\n1. ‘What is going on?’\r\n2. ‘What do I necessitate instead?’\r\n3. ‘How might I halt to what I pauperization?’\r\nNot everyone needs to address all 3 questions, and at successions people may move back into previously answered ones. For simplicity, we’ll expect at the model sequentially. However, the skilled helper bequeath work with the talker in all or any of the stages, and move back and before, as appropriate.\r\n introduce 1 is closely providing a safe dictate for the loud speaker unit to tell their story in their own way, and to be fully seekd and ack straightledged. It is some a space where a person can hear and understand their own story. It is also about piano helping them lift their head to see the wider trope and other perspectives, and to find a point from which to go forward with h obsolete. 1a †an expansive part\r\nThe helper encourages the speaker to tell their story, and by using good active listening skills and demonstrating the core conditions, helps them to explore and unfold the tale, and to reflect. For some, this is enough, for others it is however the beginning. â€Å"….as you summarised what I said, all the jumble began to make sense.” Skills in phase angle 1a:- act ive listening, reflecting, paraphrasing, checking understanding, open questions, summarising. usable Questions: How do/did you observe about that? What are/were you persuasion? What is/was that deal for you? persist them open! What else is thither about that? 1b †a challenging part\r\nSince they are in the situation, it can be difficult for the person speaking to see it clearly, or from divergent angles. With the help of empathic reflections and challenges, the speaker uncovers blind spots or gaps in their perceptions and judging of the situation, of others and of themselves †their patterns, the impact of their behaviour on the situation, their strengths. â€Å"I’d never thought about how it might feel from my colleague’s point of view.” * Skills: Challenging; different perspectives, patterns and connections, shoulds and oughts, negative self-talk, blind spots (discrepancies, distortions, incomplete awareness, things implied, what’s not sa id), ownership, precises, strengths. * useable Questions:\r\n* How do others see it/you?\r\n* Is there anything you’ve overlooked?\r\n* What does he/she think/feel?\r\n* What would s/he say about all this?\r\n* What about all of this is a problem for you?\r\n* Any other way of looking at it?\r\n1c -Focussing and abject forward\r\nPeople often feel stuck; that is why they postulate to talk. In this stage, the helper seeks to move the speaker from stuckness to hope by helping Them choose an area that they pay back the energy to move forward on, that would make a difference and benefit them. â€Å"I see now the key place to get step to the foreed is my relationship with K” * Skills: Facilitating focussing and prioritising an area to work on. * effective Questions:\r\n* What in all of this is the or so important?\r\n* What would be best to work on now?\r\n* What would make the most difference?\r\n* What is manageable?\r\n constitute 1 can be 5 minutes or 5 years; i t may be all psyche needs. Stage 2 †What do I privation instead?\r\nPeople often move from problem to action, or problem to solution, without reflecting on what they truly regard, or in what way their problems might be opportunities. Stage 2 is about this, about helping the speaker to open up a picture of what they really want, and how things could be better. This stage is very important in generating energy and hope. 2a †a creative part\r\nThe helper helps the speaker to brainstorm their sublime scenario; ‘if you could wake up tomorrow with everything just how you want it, like your ideal world, what would it be like?’ The speaker is encouraged to let out their horizon and be imaginative, rather than reflect on practicalities. For some people this is scary, for some liberating. â€Å"At head start it was really difficult but after a while I Jet my imagination go and began to get really excited about what we could execute in the department”. * Skills: Brainstorming, facilitating imaginative thinking, i.e. * Quantity vs. fictitious character Anything goes †provoke fun\r\n* Write down ideas verbatim, don’t analyse or judge\r\n* Keep prompting †‘what else?’\r\n* Don’t hurry, allow oodles of time\r\n* Useful Questions:\r\n* What do you ideally want instead?\r\n* What would be happening?\r\n* What would you be doing/thinking/feeling?\r\n* What would you defecate that you don’t hand over now?\r\n* What would it be like if it were better / a bit better? 2b †a reality test part\r\nFrom the creative and visionary brainstorm, the speaker formulates lasts which are specific, measurable, achievable/appropriate (for them, in their circumstances), realistic (with mention to the real world), and have a time frame attached, i.e. SMART goals. Goals which are demanding yet achievable are motivating. â€Å"It feels good to be clear that I want a clear understanding with my colleagues about our individual rules and responsibilities.” * Skills: facilitating selecting and reality checking with respect to internal and foreign landscape. * Useful Questions:\r\n* What exactly is your goal?\r\n* How would you know when you’ve got there?\r\n* What could you manage/are you possible to achieve?\r\n* Which feels best for you?\r\n* bring out of all that, what would be realistic?\r\n* When do you want to achieve it by?\r\n2c †moving forward\r\nThis stage aims to test the realism of the goal before the person moves to action, and to help the speaker check their inscription to the goal by reviewing the costs and benefits to them of achieving it. Is it worth it? â€Å"It feels risky but I need to resolve this.” * Skills: facilitation of exploring costs and benefits, and checking commitment to goal. * Useful Questions:\r\n* What depart be the benefits when you achieve this?\r\n* How go outing it be different for you when you’ve done this? * What will be the costs of doing this? Any disadvantages/downsides to doing this? Stage 3 †How will I get there?\r\nThis is the ‘how’ stage… how will the person move towards the goals they have identified in Stage 2? It is about possible strategies and specific actions, about doing something to get started, whilst considering what/who might help and abash making the change. 3a †another creative part!\r\nThe speaker is helped to brainstorm strategies †101 ways to achieve the goal †again with prompting and encouragement to think widely. What people, places, ideas, organisations could help? The aim is to free up the person to pass on new and different ideas for action, breaking out of old mind-sets. â€Å"There were gems of possibilities from seemingly crazy ideas”. * Skills: Facilitation of brainstorming\r\n* Useful Questions:\r\n* How many different ways are there for you to do this? * Who/what might help?\r\n* What has worked before/ for others?\r\n* What about some wild ideas?\r\n3b †focussing in on appropriate strategies\r\nWhat from the brainstorm might be selected as a strategy that is realistic for the speaker, in their circumstances, consonant with their values? Forcefield analysis can be used here to look at what internal and external factors (individuals and organisations) are likely to help and hinder action and how these can be strengthened or mown respectively. â€Å"I would feel comfortable trying to have a conversation with him about how he sees\r\nthings”. * Skills for Stage 3b: Facilitation of selecting and reality checking. * Useful Questions:\r\n* Which of these ideas appeals most?\r\n* Which is most likely to work for you?\r\n* Which are within your resources/control?\r\n3c †moving to action\r\nThe aim is to help the speaker scheme the next steps. The strategy is broken into bite-size chunks of action. Here the speaker is doing almost all the work, producing their action de signing. The helper works with them to turn good intention into specific plans with time scales. Whilst being encouraging, it’s also important not to push the speaker into saying they’ll do things to transport the helper. â€Å"I will make sure we have time together before the end of the month. I will book a meeting, so that we can be sure of quiet uninterrupted time. I will organise this before Friday”. * Skills: Facilitation of action planning.\r\n* Useful Questions:\r\n* What will you do first? When?\r\n* What will you do next? When?\r\nIf the end point of producing an action plan has been reached, the experience of trying it out could be the start point for a follow-up mentoring/co-mentoring session. The work would start in stage I again, telling a new story. If an action plan had not been reached, that’s fine too, and the model can be used over a series of sessions. The key in using the model, as with any theory or model, is to keep the speakers ag enda central, the individual in the sidle up and theory in the background, and to use the model for the person, rather than vice versa.\r\n'